THE AFRICAN AMERICANS: MANY RIVERS TO CROSS
Episode Six: A More Perfect Union

A Film by Kunhardt McGee Productions
and Inkwell Films
In Association with Ark Media

Directors/Producers
Leslie Asako Gladsjo
Jamila Wignot

Senior Producer
Rachel Dretzin

Executive Producers
Henry Louis Gates, Jr.
Peter Kunhardt
Dyllan McGee

 

FOR WILLIAM S. McFEELY

AND IN MEMORY OF 

HENRY HAMPTON

 

EDITOR

KIM MIILLE

 

SENIOR STORY PRODUCER

LESLIE ASAKO GLADSJO

 

CO-PRODUCER

LEAH R. WILLIAMS

 

WRITTEN BY

HENRY LOUIS GATES, JR.

 

ORIGINAL SCORE BY

PAUL BRILL

 

DIRECTORS OF PHOTOGRAPHY

STEPHEN MCCARTHY

GRAHAM SMITH

 

DIRECTOR OF MOTION GRAPHICS

CHRIS KING

 

DIRECTOR OF STILLS GRAPHICS

ANDY CAHILL

 

RESEARCHER

STEPHEN ROBINSON

 

HENRY LOUIS’ GATES WARDROBE

MAURICE SEDWELL

BESPOKE TAILORS

SAVILE ROW, LONDON

 

THE ANDOVER SHOP

CAMBRIDGE, MA

 

SUPERVISING PRODUCERS

REBECCA BRILLHART

TIMOTHY MESSLER

 

ARCHIVAL PRODUCER

AMY BRILLHART

 

POST PRODUCTION SUPERVISOR

STEPHEN ALTOBELLO

 

SUPERVISING EDITOR

NANCY NOVACK

 

SERIES OPEN EDITED BY

DONNA SHEPHERD

 

LINE PRODUCER

STEF GORDON

 

SENIOR RESEARCHERS

DONALD YACOVONE

MARIAL IGLESIAS YUTSET

 

ARCHIVAL CONSULTANT

AMY SCHEWEL

 

ADDITIONAL WRITING

PAUL TAYLOR

 

ADDITIONAL CAMERA

GREGORY BRUTUS

SCOTT SHELLEY

AUSTIN DE BESCHE

TOM CURRAN

MELANIE CARR

 

CAMERA ASSISTANTS

DANIEL PLYM

KRISTYN ULANDAY

 

SOUND RECORDIST

MARK MANDLER

 

ADDITIONAL SOUND

MARIO L. CARDENAS

FRANK X. COAKLEY

GEOFF MAXWELL

CALEB MOSE

LEN SCHMITZ

PAUL SCHMITZ

 

GAFFERS

WILLIE E. DAWKINS

NICHOLAS PASQUARIELLO

 

ADDITIONAL GRAPHICS

BRIAN OAKES

 

ASSOCIATE EDITORS

JENNA BLISS

BRITTANY KAPLAN

 

ASSISTANT EDITORS

STEVEN J. GOLLIDAY

CHRIS KING

RYAN DILTS

MARISA BERGQUIST

GIANCARLO BALDINO

LISA GROSS

TOVAH LIEBOWITZ

RYAN WESTPHAL

 

APPRENTICE EDITORS

ALEX FERRIGNO

KELLY NGUYEN

 

ONLINE EDITOR

CHRIS CONNOLLY

 

VO ENGINEER

KEVIN MCLAUGHLIN

 

SOUND EFFECTS

ANDREA BELLA

MICHAEL FEUSER

 

FOLEY ARTIST

BRIAN VANCHO

 

SOUND RE-RECORDING

RICHARD FAIRBANKS

 

TRANSCRIPTION

CLK TRANSCRIPTION, INC.

 

MUSIC CLEARANCE

HANNAH OLSON

 

ADDITIONAL MUSIC BY

ELIZABETH ZIMAN

NEIL CLEARY

5 ALARM

 

OFFICE PRODUCTION ASSISTANTS

RAYMOND CHIU

SALIM HASBINI

ALISTAIR MACKAY

 

PRODUCTION ASSISTANTS

NICOLE BOZORGMIR

BRITTANY CLEMONS

FARLEY CRAWFORD

JORDAN ASCHER

BRYAN HOLROYD

JERRY HUDGENS

SERENA MONTS

AMANDA SHEARROW

 

INTERNS

E. GORDON BERROA

MAX BLOOM

JESSIE BOAS

THEA CHALONER

CARLY CIRICILLO

ELON COOK

RYAN DOUBIAGO

OLIVER DUNNE

SOFIA FERRANDIZ

ADAM GOLUB

MARISSA GOUVERNE

SAMANTHA GOWDA

AISSA GUEYE

RACHEL HAWATMEH

MARY MIRZAMANI

DANIEL MOISOFF

KELLY NGUYEN

DANIEL SZNAJDERMAN

STEPHEN RATHIER

YONGLE WANG

COLIN WELCH

 

ADVISORS

BILL ANDREWS, UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA

HERMAN L. BENNETT, CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK

IRA BERLIN, UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND

DAVID BINDMAN, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF LONDON

DAVID W. BLIGHT, YALE UNIVERSITY

VINCENT BROWN, HARVARD UNIVERSITY

CLAYBORNE CARSON, STANFORD UNIVERSITY

LAURENT DUBOIS, DUKE UNIVERSITY

BRENT EDWARDS, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

DAVID ELTIS, EMORY UNIVERSITY

ERIC FONER, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

GLENDA GILMORE, YALE UNIVERSITY

STEVEN HAHN, UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA

EVELYNN HAMMONDS, HARVARD UNIVERSITY

LINDA M. HEYWOOD, BOSTON UNIVERSITY

EVELYN BROOKS HIGGINBOTHAM, HARVARD UNIVERSITY

DARLENE CLARK HINE, NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

THOMAS HOLT, UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

GERALD HORNE, UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON

WALTER JOHNSON, HARVARD UNIVERSITY

PENIEL JOSEPH, TUFTS UNIVERSITY

ROBIN D.G. KELLEY, UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

JANE LANDERS, VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY

JILL LEPORE, HARVARD UNIVERSITY

INGRID MONSON, HARVARD UNIVERSITY

PHILIP MORGAN, JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY

SUSAN O’DONOVAN, UNIVERSITY OF MEMPHIS

ANNETTE GORDON REED, HARVARD UNIVERSITY

EVA SHEPPARD WOLF, SAN FRANCISCO STATE UNIVERSITY

JOHN STAUFFER, HARVARD UNIVERSITY

PATRICIA A. SULLIVAN, UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA

JAMES H. SWEET, UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN

JOHN THORNTON, BOSTON UNIVERSITY

STEPHEN TUCK, OXFORD UNIVERSITY

 

ADDITIONAL RESEARCH

OMAR DAIRANIEH

 

ARCHIVES

© 2013, STEPHEN SHAMES / POLARIS IMAGES

ABCNEWS VIDEOSOURCE
ALAN COPLAND

ALAN SINGER, NBC, NBC NEWSWIRE, GETTY IMAGES

AP ARCHIVE

THE ARCHIVES OF MATTHEW MCDANIEL

ART SHAY, GETTY IMAGES

ASSOCIATED PRESS

THE AUSTIN HANSEN PHOTOGRAPHIC COLLECTION

BILL O’LEARY, THE WASHINGTON POST VIA GETTY IMAGES

CELEBRITY FOOTAGE

CHIP SOMODEVILLA, GETTY IMAGES

CORBIS IMAGES

CORBIS MOTION

COURTESY OF SOUL TRAIN HOLDINGS, LLC

DAVE M. BENETT, GETTY IMAGES

EFOOTAGE

FILM ARCHIVES, INC.

FOOTAGE FARM

GORDON PARKS

THE GORDON PARKS FOUNDATION

THE GRANGER COLLECTION, NEW YORK

HELEN H. RICHARDSON, THE DENVER POST VIA GETTY IMAGES

HISTORIC FILMS ARCHIVE, LLC

THE HISTORIC NEW ORLEANS COLLECTION

IAN DICKSON, GETTY IMAGES

THE IMAGE WORKS

JAMIE SQUIRE, ALLSPORT

JIM CROW MUSEUM

JIM PEPPLER AND THE ALABAMA DEPARTMENT OF ARCHIVES AND HISTORY, MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA

KATHLEEN CLEAVER

KEN STEINHOFF

KEVIN CUMMINS, GETTY IMAGES

KEYSTONE, GETTY IMAGES

KPIX-TV

LBJ LIBRARY PHOTO BY YOICHI AKAMOTO

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

MARIO TAMA, GETTY IMAGES

MARK RALSTON, AFP, GETTY IMAGES

MARVI LACAR, GETTY IMAGES

THE MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY

METRO MONITOR

MICHAEL NAGLE, GETTY IMAGES

MONDADORI PORTFOLIO VIA GETTY IMAGES

NBC UNIVERSAL ARCHIVES

THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY

ODDBALL FILM + VIDEO, SAN FRANCISCO

ONYX MEDIA, LLC FOOTAGE, ARCHIVE FILMS, GETTY IMAGES

OSCAR GRANT FOUNDATION

PAUL SEQUEIRA, GETTY IMAGES

PETE MAROVICH, BLOOMBERG VIA GETTY IMAGES

PHOTOFEST

PICTURE HISTORY

THE PIRKLE JONES FOUNDATION

PRODUCERS LIBRARY

SCHOMBURG CENTER, THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY

SKYWORKS, IMAGE BANK FILM, GETTY IMAGES

SMITHSONIAN, GETTY IMAGES
SPENCER AINSLEY, THE POUGHKEEPSIE JOURNAL

STAN HONDA, AFP, GETTY IMAGES

STORMSTOCK

STREAMLINE FILMS, INC.

T3MEDIA
TERRENCE STEVENS FOOTAGE COURTESY OF NINA ROSENBLUM AND DENNIS WATLINGTON, DAEDALUS PRODUCTIONS, INC.

TRACKNEWS LIBRARY

UNIVERSITY OF SANKORE PRESS

VALENTINE RICHMOND HISTORY CENTER

VINCENT MCEVOY, REDFERNS

WGBH MEDIA LIBRARY AND ARCHIVE

WILLIAM GREAVES PRODUCTIONS, INC.

THE WILLIAMS FAMILY

YALE DAILY NEWS

YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY MANUSCRIPTS AND ARCHIVES

 

MUSIC

“MANY RIVERS TO CROSS”

WRITTEN AND PERFORMED BY JIMMY CLIFF

COURTESY OF UNIVERSAL MUSIC

 

SPECIAL THANKS

AFRICAN AMERICAN CULTURAL CENTER, LOS ANGELES, CA

BROOKLYN BOWL

BARACK OBAMA COMMUNITY CHANGE SCHOOL, SIERRA LEONE

CITY COLLEGE OF NEW YORK, SOPHIE DAVIS SCHOOL OF BIOMEDICAL EDUCATION

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, UNION THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY

FIVE SISTERS GUEST HOUSE, SIERRA LEONE

FOURAH BAY COLLEGE, THE UNIVERSITY OF SIERRA LEONE

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

HOTEL BEL-AIR, LOS ANGELES, CA

IT’S ALL GOOD BAKERY

JOSEPHINE BUTLER PARKS CENTER

LAZARD LTD.

OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, BARRISTER CLUB

OLD SCHOOL NITE CLUB, SIERRA LEONE

REEL 2 REAL PRODUCTIONS, SIERRA LEONE

ROOSEVELT ISLAND OPERATING CORPORATION OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK

STAND UP NY

STEVE MAXWELL’S VINTAGE & CUSTOM DRUMS

SWEET LORRAINE’S JAZZ CLUB

UCLA

YALE UNIVERSITY

 

AND

 

MATTHEW ALBANESE

ADREES ALI

DORIE BRODIE BAKER

GRALEN BANKS

JESS BIRCH

AMBROSE BOANI

LAWRENCE D. BOBO

BARMMY BOY

SHEILA ELLIS-BYRD

SUE CANE

PEGGY CIFRINO

PETER COSTELLO

DAVID COVINGTON

DENISE DELEON

CLIFFORD DODD

CARLEEN DONOVAN

KERI SMITH ESGUIA

LINDSAY FELD

LAYNIE FULKS

LIZA GATES

MAGGIE GATES

AMY GOSDANIAN

ALISON GRACE

BOBBY C. GREEN, JR.

AARON HATLEY

BERNARD HICKS

CLARE SZALAY HOWELL

GAYE THERESA JOHNSON

ABDUL MALACHI KAMARA “SHINE DE GOD SON”

TIAMOYO KARENGA

MARLA KING

BILL LANDIS

KATIE LEGGETT

CONGRESSMAN JOHN LEWIS

JIM MACILVAINE

JOLYN MATSUMURO

STEVE MAXWELL

DANI MCBETH

OTILIA MIRAMBEAUX

MARCYLIENA MORGAN

TITUS MURPHY

MICHAEL ORZECHOWSKI

HILLARY RIDER

NEIL ROSINI

KISSINOR T. SENGU

ELLIS SIMON

RHONDA WALKER

ABBY WOLF

 

FOR KUNHARDT MCGEE

CO-PRODUCER

GEORGE KUNHARDT

TEDDY KUNHARDT

 

SENIOR RESEARCHER

JILL COWAN

 

BUSINESS AFFAIRS

MARY FARLEY

 

GENERAL COUNSEL

DREW PATRICK

 

ASSOCIATE PRODUCER

JAIME SUKONNIK

 

PRODUCTION ASSISTANT

MATTHEW GOLDMAN

 

FOR THIRTEEN

COORDINATING PRODUCER

STEPHANIE CARTER

 

BUDGET CONTROLLER

REKHA MENON

 

LEGAL

ODELL NAILS

 

EDITOR

MICHAEL WEINGRAD

 

PRODUCTION ASSISTANT

RACHEL HARTMAN

 

ADDITIONAL AUDIO

JON BERMAN

 

PUBLICITY

KELLIE SPECTER

HARRY FORBES

DONNA WILLIAMS

LINDSEY BERNSTEIN

SUNSHINE SACHS

 

FOR WNET

DIRECTOR, PROGRAMMING OPERATIONS

JANE BUCKWALTER

 

EXECUTIVE IN CHARGE

STEPHEN SEGALLER

 

EXECUTIVE PRODUCER

JULIE ANDERSON