July 26, 2021

> HELLO, EVERYONE AND WELCOME TO 'AMANPOUR AND COMPANY.'

HERE IS WHAT'S COMING UP.

IN THE TIME IT TAKES FOR ME TO MAKE THESE REMARKS, PEOPLE WILL LOSE THEIR LIVES TO COVID-19.

AFRICA IS IN ITS DEADLIEST PHASE WHERE VACCINES ARE IN THEIR SHORTEST SUPPLY.

WE SAID YES TO REPARATIONS.

WE SAID YES TO REPAIR.

EVANSTON, ILLINOIS BECOMES THE FIRST U.S. CITY TO GIVE REPARATIONS.

> I WAS SHOCKED AT INTERNALLY HOW MANY FACEBOOK EMPLOYEES HAVE BEEN TRYING TO DO GOOD, THAT THEY SEE MAJOR PROBLEMS AND MAJOR ISSUES.

AN UGLY TRUTH.

REPORTERS REVEAL THE DEFINE BEHIND FACEBOOK'S DARKEST EYE.

> 'AMANPOUR & COMPANY' IS MADE POSSIBLE BY -- SUE AND EDGAR WACHENHEIM III.

CANDACE KING WEIR.

THE CHERYL AND PHILIP MILSTEIN FAMILY.

THE ANDERSON FAMILY FUND.

THE STRAUS FAMILY FOUNDATION.

JIM ATWOOD AND LESLIE WILLIAMS.

BERNARD AND DENISE SCHWARTZ.

KU AND PATRICIA EWING, COMMITTED TO BRIDGING CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN OUR COMMUNITIES.

ADDITIONAL SUPPORT PROVIDED BY THESE FUNDERS AND BY CONTRIBUTIONS TO YOUR PBS STATION FROM VIEWERS LIKE YOU.

THANK YOU.

> WELCOME TO THE PROGRAM, EVERYONE.

THE RAGING DEBATE HERE IN EUROPE OVER VACCINES JUST ENTERED A NEW PHASE.

TODAY LAWMAKERS IN FRANCE TOOK DRAMATIC ACTION, APPROVING A NEW RULE TO REQUIRE SPECIAL HEALTH MEASURES.

SHUNNING A READILY AVAILABLE VACCINE IS A LUXURY AFRICA DOESN'T HAVE.

MEANWHILE, HERE IN THE U.K., ALMOST 60% OF ARE FULLY VACCINA.

DESPITE THE TALK AND PROMISE OF VACCINE SHARING, THE RICH WORLD HAS HOOVERS UP OVER 80% OF THE GLOBAL SUPPLY.

THIS WEEK AFRICA STARTS RECEIVING DOSES OF JOHNSON & JOH JOHNSON'S OFFERING.

THE CONTINENT IS ALSO EXPERIENCING ITS DEADLIEST WAVE.

THE W.H.O.'S REGIONAL DIRECTOR FOR AFRICA.

THE VETERAN DOCTOR WAS PIVOTAL IN THE FIGHT AGAINST HIV AIDS ACROSS THE CONTINENT.

AND THE INFECTIOUS DISEASE SPECIALIST, U.K. GOVERNMENT ADVISER AND AUTHOR OF SPY, THE VIRUS VERSUS THE PEOPLE INSIDE OF THE COUNT.

WELCOME, BOTH OF YOU, TO THE PROGRAM.

CAN I ASK YOU FIRST, JEREMY AS YOU ANALYZED AND WATCHED THE PANDEMIC RESPONSES.

YOU SEE WHAT THE PRESIDENT OF FRANCE IS GAMBLING ON, A WHOLE NEW LAW TO INSIST ON VACCINE PASSPORTS.

CAN I HAVE YOUR, YOU KNOW, INITIAL RESPONSE TO THAT.

WE HAVE TO DO EVERYTHING WE CAN TO ENCOURAGE EVERYONE TO BE VACCINATED AND PROVIDE VACCINES AROUND THE WORLD IN AN EQUITABLE WAY.

WE'RE NOT DOING IT WELL.

THE U.K. HAS DONE REMARKABLE WITH VACCINE ROLL-OUT AND VACCINE HESITANCY IN THE U.K.

HAS HISTORICALLY BEEN LOW.

BUT IN FRANCE, ITALY, SPAIN AND THE U.S., VACCINE HESITANCY HAS BEEN MUCH MORE IN FAVOR OF TRYING TO COMMUNICATE AND EDUCATE AND TRY TO PERSUADE PEOPLE OF PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES.

SOMETIMES IF THAT'S NOT WORKING, I CAN SEE WHY FRANCE IS TAKING THE IDEA THAT YOU HAVE GOT TO ENCOURAGE MORE.

YOU HAVE GOT TO MAYBE EVEN FORCE PEOPLE TO HAVE THE VACCINES.

BUT I THINK YOUR INTRODUCTION TO THIS SECTION WAS VERY IMPORTANT.

MOST OF THE WORLD DOES NOT HAVE ACCESS TO VACCINES.

IT IS PART VACCINE APARTHEID AND VACCINE INEQUITY.

THAT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT PUBLISHING.

I'M SURE YOUR TERM VACCINE APARTHEID RESONATES.

SO WE HAVE ESTABLISHED THAT 80% OF THE SUPPLY HAS BEEN HOOVERED UP BY THE RICH NATIONS WHO MADE SELF-INTEREST MORE IMPORTANT THAN SHARING.

WHAT IS THE ACTUAL UNDERGROUND SITUATION?

YOU SAID YOU ARE IN THE DEADLIEST WAVE IN AFRICA.

YOU HAVE THE LEAST AMOUNT OF SUPPLY.

WHAT ARE YOU SEEING IN FRONT OF YOUR VERY NOSES RIGHT NOW?

YES.

IT IS A DEADLY COMBINATION, IN FACT.

WE HAVE HAD FOR THE LAST TWO MONTHS, EIGHT WEEKS, A STRAIGHT INCREASE IN CASES EVERY WEEK, AND WE HAVE HAD ALSO AN INCREASE IN DEATHS.

AND WE HAVE SEEN AT THE SAME TIME IN JUNE A VIRTUAL STOPPING OF AVAILABILITY OF VACCINES IN AFRICA.

SO WE HAD ONLY 450,000 DOSES OF VACCINE AVAILABLE FOR 1.3 BILLION PEOPLE IN AFRICA.

VERY TIRED OF THE MEASURES, DISTANCING.

ALL OF THIS IS A PERFECT STORM FOR A THIRD WAVE, WHICH IS UNPRECEDENTED.

IT IS 80% HIGHER ALREADY THAN THE PREVIOUS WAVE THAT WE HAD ON THE CONTINENT.

IT IS A SERIOUS SITUATION, AND WE BELIEVE IT HASN'T PEAKED YET.

WE ANTICIPATE WHAT THAT WILL DO IN TERMS OF CASES AND UNFORTUNATELY DEATHS IN AFRICA.

SO JOHNSON & JOHNSON, WHICH IS THE ONE DOSE VACCINE IS SENDING DOSES TO YOUR -- THE U.S. IS SENDING SOME SIX MILLION DOSES.

HONESTLY, IT IS A DROP IN THE OCEAN.

EVEN 20 MILLION DOSES IS A DROP IN THE OCEAN.

ALL THE THINGS THEY PROMISED ARE ALL DROPS IN THE OCEAN.

WHAT DO YOU THINK YOU CAN DO WITH THOSE DROPS RIGHT NOW?

WILL THEY MAKE A DIFFERENCE?

WILL YOU HAVE THE CAPACITY TO ADMINISTER THEM AROUND THE CONTINENT?

YES, THEY WILL MAKE A HUGE DIFFERENCE.

AND IT'S VERY ENCOURAGING TO START TO SEE THE DOSES BEING DELIVERED IN COUNTRIES NOW.

AND, YOU KNOW, WE EXPRESS OUR APPRECIATION, PARTICULARLY TO THE U.S. GOVERNMENT, WHICH HAS BEEN THE QUICKEST IN TERMS OF DELIVERING HIGHER VOLUMES OF DOSES.

WE HAVE SEEN OUR COUNTRIES BE CAPABLE OF DELIVERING THE DOSES THEY RECEIVED.

IN THE FIRST ROUND OF DOSES, COUNTRIES LIKE ROWANDA, GANA EVEN ANGOLA MADE USE OF HIGH COVERAGE AND USED UP THE KDOSES THEY RECEIVED.

WE'RE VERY CONCERNED THAT HAVING HAD THIS GAP, OUR COUNTRIES IN THE LATTER PART OF THIS QUARTER AND LATE IN THE YEAR WILL START RECEIVING DOSES AND WE NEED TO REALLY HELP THEM TO GEAR UP IN SEVERAL WAYS TO MICROPLAN, MAKE SURE THEY HAVE THE VACCINE DELIVERY, THE WAYS OF REGISTERING PEOPLE.

THERE HAS BEEN SOME CHALLENGES ASSUMING THAT ELDERLY AFRICAN PEOPLE HAVE MOBILE PHONES AND HAVE A CONNECTION TO BE ABLE TO REGISTER.

SO BEING MORE CREATIVE AND GOING WHERE PEOPLE GO AND MOBILIZING THE CAPACITY OF THE EXTRA HEALTH CARE WORKERS WILL BE NEEDED TO MAKE SURE THE FUNDING IS THERE.

THE AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK IS OFFERING MONEY AND WE NEED OUR COUNTRIES TO OFFER THIS MONEY AND ORGANIZE REALLY SOLID DELIVERY.

AND W.H.O. IS THERE TO SUPPORT THEM.

THAT'S THE HUGE EFFORT THAT NOW HAS COME ONBOARD.

LET ME ASK YOU FROM YOUR PERSPECTIVE BECAUSE AS YOU ALL SAID, AS LONG AS ONE COUNTRY OR ONE AREA IN THE WORLD IS NOT VACCINATED AND HEALTHY, IT WILL AFFECT EVERYBODY ELSE.

IN OTHER WORDS, IT'S ALL FOR ONE AND ONE FOR ALL IN TERMS OF PROTECTION.

WHAT IS YOUR NIGHTMARE SCENARIO?

BECAUSE WE KNOW THAT THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO HAD TO THROW AWAY MORE THAN A MILLION DOSES BECAUSE THEY COULDN'T ADMINISTER THEM BEFORE THEY EXPIRED.

WHAT IS YOUR FEAR IF AFRICA CANNOT BE PROTECTED?

WELL, CHARACTERISTICALLY DIPLOMATIC THERE.

THE ISSUE IS FRANKLY NOT ABOUT ROLLING OUT.

EVERY COUNTRY, EUROPE, NORTH AMERICA HAS ITS OWN CHALLENGES INLE ROING OUT.

BUT YOU CAN'T ROLL OUT WHAT YOU DON'T HAVE ACCESS TO.

AND THE BIGGEST PROBLEM IS ACCESS.

I'M AFRAID, FRANKLY, U.S., YES, LOADS OF GENEROSITY, BUT THEY ARE VERY SMALL AMOUNTS.

AND THE WORLD NEEDS TO GET 10 OR 11 BILLION DOSES AVAILABLE AROUND THE WORLD IN THE COMING WEEKS AND MONTHS.

AND WHY IT IS SO IMPORTANT IS, YES, IT'S ABOUT SAVING LIVES.

YES, IT IS ABOUT PREVENTING ILLNESS.

YES, IT IS ABOUT TAKING ON THE PRESSURE OF THE HEALTH SYSTEM AND MAKING SURE HEALTH CARE WORKERS AND THE VULNERABLE ARE PROTECTED.

BUT IT IS ALSO IN ALL OF OUR SELF-INTERESTS BECAUSE IF WE DON'T DO THIS, WE HAVE HIGH TRANSMISSION AROUND THE WORLD.

NEW VARIANTS WILL COME.

WE'RE NOW LEARNING WHAT IT MEANS WHEN YOU HAVE A HIGHLY TRANSMISSIBLE DELTA VARIANT THAT TAKES OFF IN EVERY COUNTRY.

THERE WILL BE NEW VARIANTS IF WE ALLOW TRANSMISSION TO CONTINUE.

SO IT IS IN SELF-INTEREST.

IT IS THE RIGHT THING TO DO AS WELL AS MORALLY AND ETHICALLY.

AND WE'VE GOT TO STEP UP.

THE G7, THE G20 COUNTRIES HAVE TO STOP TALKING ABOUT WHETHER COUNTRIES CAN ROLL IT OUT AND START MAKING IT ACCESSIBLE TO THE VACCINES THAT EVERYBODY NEEDS.

I WANT TO ASK YOU WHETHER YOU WERE SURPRISED, ONE OF THE ORIGINATORS OF SHARING IT, THE PRESERVATION OF THE RICH COUNTRIES PREVAIL.

BASIC HUMAN NATURE PREVAILED.

WE'VE GOT MORE THAN WE COULD DEAL WITH AND SURPLUS AND ALL THE REST OF IT.

ARE YOU SURPRISED BY THAT?

YEAH, I AM SURPRISED.

I THINK CIRCUMSTANCES CHANGE.

SO BEING CHARITABLE.

A YEAR AGO, SIX MONTHS AGO, PEOPLE WERE TALKING ABOUT VACCINATING 30% OF THEIR POPULATION WITH THE DELTA VARIANT.

YOU KNOW, FRANKLY THAT IS 17%, 18%, 19% OF THE POPULATION.

FRANKLY CIRCUMSTANCES HAVE CHANGED.

BUT WE MADE SOME MISTAKES IN MAY OF 2020, FRANKLY.

WE DIDN'T BUILD IN THE MANUFACTURING CAPACITY AROUND THE WORLD.

WE DIDN'T TRANSFER THE TECHNOLOGIES QUICKLY ENOUGH, THE MANUFACTURING CAPACITY AND THE ROLL-OUT IN THE VACCINES.

SO, THEREFORE, I'M AFRAID THE COUNTRIES THAT CAN MANUFACTURE IT HAVE INEVITABLY UNDERSTANDABLY KEPT IT AMONG THEIR NATIONS.

SHIFT THE MANUFACTURING CAPACITY TO THE CONTINENT OF AFRICA.

BUT AFRICA IS SUFFERING.

IT IS NOT JUST AFRICA.

INDONESIA, BRAZIL, MEXICO, ALL COUNTRIES AT THE MOMENT WHO DON'T HAVE ACCESS TO THE VACCINE ARE GOING THROUGH VERY SIMILAR TO WHAT YOU HEARD THE DOCTOR DESCRIBING IN AFRICA.

AND THAT WILL GO ON AND ON AND ON.

AND THE VARIANTS THAT ARISE WILL COME BACK TO THE U.S., COME BACK TO EUROPE, COME BACK TO THE UNITED KINGDOM.

OKAY.

BEFORE I DISCUSS, I WILL ASK YOU HOW WE DEAL WITH THOSE RECURRING ISSUES.

I WANT TO ASK: DO YOU BELIEVE THAT IT IS POSSIBLE FOR AFRICA OR SOME COUNTRIES -- SOME ARE ALREADY IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN -- BUT TO ACTUALLY START RELY ON EACH OTHER IN ORDER FOR THIS TO BECOME SOMETHING FEASIBLE GOING INTO THE FUTURE.

JEREMY, CAN YOU TRANSLATE FOR US?

WE ARE ALL NON-EXPERTS, AT LEAST I SPEAK FOR MYSELF, WHEN IT COMES TO ASSESSING THE EFFICACY OF THE VACCINE AND THE PERNICIOUSNESS OF THE VARIANTS.

YOU KNOW, MANY PEOPLE ARE GETTING HYSTERICAL SAYING, OH, THEY TOLD US THE VACCINES WOULD MAKE IT WORK AND THAT WE WOULDN'T HAVE TO WORRY.

NOW, LOOK, ALL THESE PEOPLE ARE DOUBLE VACCINATED HERE IN THE RICH PART OF THE WORLD ARE STILL COMING DOWN WITH THE DELTA VARIANT.

CAN YOU JUST TELL US WHERE WE STAND WITH THIS VARIANT AND ARE THE VACCINES BY AND LARGE EFFICIENT OR NOT AND IN WHAT WAY?

YEAH.

THE LAST POINT IS PERHAPS THE MOST IMPORTANT.

THE VACCINES, AND I INCLUDE ALL OF THE REGISTERED VACCINES AVAILABLE, ARE INCREDIBLY SAFE AND INCREDIBLY EFFECTIVE AT PREVENTING US GETTING ILL, GOING TO HOSPITAL AND TRAGICALLY DYING.

AND THAT REMAINS TRUE AGAINST THE DELTA VARIANT.

THE VACCINES HAVE NEVER BEEN AS GOOD AGAINST STOPPING ME GETTING INFECTED.

SO THEY MAY BE 60% OR 75% AGAINST ME GETTING INFECTED.

BUT THEY'RE VERY GOOD 90%, 95% AGAINST ME GETTING SICK, GOING TO HOSPITAL AND DYING.

THAT IS SOMETHING WE NEED TO CELEBRATE AND TO APPRECIATE, THAT IF YOU GET DOUBLE VACCINED OR THE SINGLE DOSE WITH JOHNSON & JOHNSON, YOU ARE PROTECTED FROM GETTING SICK AND DYING.

NOW INEVITABLY, IT IS NOT 100%. THERE WILL BE 3%, MAYBE 5% OF PEOPLE DOUBLE VACCINE NATED WHO WILL GET SICK AND GO TO HOSPITAL.

BUT EVEN THEY ARE PROTECTED FROM DYING AS WELL.

THE VACCINES REMAIN INCREDIBLY SAFE AND HIGHLY EFFECTIVE AGAINST GETTING SICK, HOSPITALIZATION AND DYING, INCLUDING AGAINST THE DELTA VARIANT.

I THINK THAT IS, PERHAPS, THE MOST IMPORTANT MESSAGE OF ALL.

AND I JUST WANT TO PLAY WHAT THE FRENCH PRESIDENT ADDRESSED SPECIFICALLY TO THE VACCINE HESITANCE, THE VACCINE HOSTILES, THE PEOPLE THAT ARE JUST FRANKLY NOT DOING IT.

MOST OF THE RESPECTFUL SCIENTISTS SAY LOCKDOWNS DON'T WORK ANYMORE.

IT IS THE VACCINES.

THAT IS WHAT PRESIDENT MACRONE SAID.

THAT IS NOT FREEDOM.

IT IS CALLED RESPONSIBILITY.

A SOCIETY ONLY HOLDS TOGETHER WHEN THE FREEDOM OF EACH OTHER IS RESPECTFUL OF THE OTHER.

THEREFORE, IT IS BASED ON RIGHTS AND DUTIES.

LET ME PUT IT TO YOU, DOCTOR.

WHEN YOU SEE THE FRENCH PRESIDENT TAKING ON THE VACCINE HOSTILITY CERTAINLY IN HIS COUNTRY AND ELSEWHERE, AND YOU SEE PEOPLE IN YOUR CONTINENT DESPERATE FOR THE VACCINES, WHAT IS YOUR REACTION TO THAT?

FRANKLY, I FIND IT SAD AND ANOOIING.

IT'S SAD, YOU KNOW.

WE ARE LOOKING FOR LOOKING FOR EVERY VACCINE DOSE WE CAN GET.

WE HAVE HERE AS WELL VACCINE HESITANCY.

I LIKE VACCINE HOSTILITY BECAUSE WE HAVE SEEN PEOPLE SCREAMING THAT THEY HAVE THE RIGHT TO VACCINE HESITANCY.

I THINK WE NEED TO WORK AGAINST IT AT ALL LEVELS.

LIKE JEREMY, I BELIEVE THE BEST WAY IS TO PERSUADE AND TEACH PEOPLE.

BUT WE DO HAVE PROVISIONS, PUBLIC HEALTH LAW THAT AT SOME POINT IF IT IS DEEMED HIGHLY IMPORTANT CAN BE ENACTED AND CAN BE ENFORCED.

IT IS A DESPERATE LAST MOVE.

BUT I'M VERY SAD WHEN I SEE, YOU KNOW, NOT ONLY PEOPLE GOING TO FOOTBALL MATCHES WHILE WE ARE STRUGGLING TO GET VACCINE HERE, BUT THOSE THAT HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO HAVE A VACCINE NOT ACCEPTING IT.

THAT'S INFURIATING AND SAD.

YOU KNOW, SO JEREMY, YOU HAVE WRITTEN A BOOK BASICALLY SPITE.

IT IS ABOUT THE PANDEMIC RESPONSE.

EVERYBODY SAYS -- YOU SAY IT SHOULD BE PERSUASION AND MODELING AND THIS AND THAT.

BUT LET'S FACE IT.

THERE ARE RULES.

WE HAVE TO WEAR SEAT BELTS.

WE CAN'T DRIVE WHILE DRUNK.

WE CARRIED AROUND YELLOW PASSES TO SHOW THAT WE COULD TRAVEL, YOU KNOW, YELLOW FEVER AND ALL THE REST OF IT.

IT IS NOT UNUSUAL TO HAVE THESE MANDATORY SITUATIONS.

SO WHAT DO YOU THINK IN YOUR BOOK AND HOW YOU HAVE LOOKED AT THE VACCINE RESPONSE?

IS THE BIGGEST ISSUE AS AN INSIDER, WHAT SORT OF, I GUESS, WENT WRONG IN TERMS OF GETTING PEOPLE TO STEP UP ONCE THE MIRACLE OF THE VACCINE WAS PRODUCED?

YEAH.

I THINK PUBLIC HEALTH ALWAYS -- SHE JUST SAID IT.

PUBLIC HEALTH ALWAYS WORKS BEST THROUGH TRUST, THROUGH EDUCATION, INFORMATION AND THAT'S THE BEST WAY.

SEAT BELTS IS A GOOD EXAMPLE.

WE MANDATE THEM CERTAINLY IN MOST COUNTRIES.

THERE DOES COME A POINT WHEN THE PUBLIC HEALTH IMPERATIVE TRUMPS THE INDIVIDUAL HE SITANCY.

I DON'T THINK WE'RE AT THAT.

WE NEED TO PROVIDE INFORMATION TO SAY, VACCINES ARE SAFE.

THEY'RE HIGHLY EFFECTIVE AND WE CAN'T CONTROL THIS WITHOUT THEM.

I WOULD JUST CALL BACK ON ONE THING THAT CAME UP EARLIER.

YOU SAID IT IS LOCKDOWNS AND RESTRICTIONS AND PHYSICAL DISTANCE NO LONGER WORK.

IT IS ALL ABOUT VACCINES.

PUBLIC HEALTH WORKS BY ADDING ALL THESE THINGS TOGETHER, SOME DEGREE OF PHYSICAL DISTANCE, THE WEARING OF MASKS, THE VACCINES.

ADDED TOGETHER, THEY SHOULDN'T BE SEEN AS ONE OR THE OTHER.

THERE AREN'T, I'M AFRAID, MAGIC BULLETS.

VACCINES EXIST THAT WILL BENEFIT PEOPLE WHEN THEY'RE PUT IN THE CONTEXT AS WELL WITH OTHER MEASURES LIKE WEARING A MASK AND SOME DEGREE OF PHYSICAL DI DISTANCING.

OF COURSE.

AND THANK YOU FOR THAT CORRECTION.

THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR JOINING US TODAY.

> NOW, AS AMERICA CONTINUES TO RECKON WITH THE LINGERING EFFECTS OF ITS ORIGINAL SIN, SLAVERY, ONE CITY IS TRYING TO ATONE FOR PAST DISCRIMINATION BY MAKING REPARATIONS AVAILABLE TO SOME OF ITS BLACK RESIDENTS.

EVANSTON, ILLINOIS IS THE FIRST IN THE COUNTRY TO DO SO AND IT'S NOW WORKING OUT HOW BEST TO MAKE PAYOUTS BECAUSE OF ITS JIM CROW POLICIES.

THE CHAIR OF THE CITY'S REPARATIONS COMMITTEE PROPOSED THE PROGRAM.

I'M ALSO JOINED BY ROBERT BECKFORD, WHO DOCUMENTS COLONIALISM AND SLAVERY RIGHT HERE IN THE U.K.

THANK YOU BOTH FOR JOINING ME.

LET ME START WITH YOU, ROBIN.

HOW DID IT COME TOGETHER?

YOU ARE THE FIRST CITY CLOSE TO CHICAGO TO IMPLEMENT THIS.

WHAT WERE THE BUILDING BLOCKS THAT ENABLED YOU TO GET AS FAR AS YOU HAVE?

WELL, YOU'RE ABSOLUTELY RIGHT.

WE ARE A NORTH SHORE CITY, JUST NORTH OF CHICAGO.

AND WE HAVE, LIKE MOST OTHER CITIES IN AMERICA, ANTI-BLACK PRACTICES AND POLICIES THAT SUSTAIN OUR RACIAL DIVIDE HERE IN EVANSTON.

AND WHAT WE HAD WAS OUR RACIAL GAPS.

WE HAD A $46,000 HOUSEHOLD DIVIDE BETWEEN BLACK AND WHITE EVANSTON DISPARITIES IN EVERY OTHER AREA, BUT WE ALSO HAD GOOD EFFORTS AT EQUITY AND INCLUSION.

WE HAD A CHIEF EQUITY OFFICER.

WE HAD DONE A LOT OF WORK TOWARDS SUSTAINING EQUITY, BUT NOT ENOUGH OR REALLY NOT EVERYTHING TO REPAIR THE EGREGIOUS ACTS TO THE BLACK COMMUNITY, WHICH WE FOUND IN HOUSING AND ZONING LAW.

SO JUST TO BE CLEAR, YOU ARE FOCUSSING ALMOST EXCLUSIVELY ON HOUSING AND THE ZONING LAWS, RIGHT?

AND IF THAT IS THE CASE, HOW DOES THE REPARATION MANIFEST ITSELF?

SO ACTUALLY, THIS IS OUR FIRST STEP.

IN 2019, NOVEMBER OF 2019, WE PASSED RESOLUTION 126 TO COMMIT TO REPARATIONS FOR OUR BLACK COMMUNITY, ESTABLISHING A FUND WITH OUR FIRST $10 MILLION OF CANNABIS SALES TAX.

AND THROUGH COMMUNITY PROCESS, OUR COMMUNITY WEIGHED IN ON WHAT FORMS OF REPARATIONS THE BLACK COMMUNITY WOULD LIKE TO PRIORITIZE.

THERE WERE MANY RECOMMENDATIONS.

BUT HOUSING WAS THE PRIORITY BECAUSE IT WAS A CONSENSUS OF OUR FEEDBACK THAT WAS WITHIN OUR PER VIEW.

MUCH OF THE FEEDBACK REALLY WAS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF OUR HEALTH CARE SYSTEM OR OUR EDUCATION SYSTEM.

BUT THE CITY OF EVANSTON HAS LAWS ON ITS BOOKS THAT WERE ENFORCED UNTIL FAIR HOUSING WAS PASSED THAT WERE ANTI-BLACK AND STRIPPED AWAY WEALTH AND OPPORTUNITY.

SO WE HAVE PRIORITIZED HOUSING FIRST, BEING INFORMED BY OUR COMMUNITY APPROPRIATELY, AND WE HAVE 96% OF OUR FUND REMAINING AND A COMMITMENT FROM THE REPARATIONS COMMITTEE AND THE CITY COUNCIL TO GROW THAT FUND AND EXPAND IN PROGRAMMING.

SO WE UNDERSTAND THAT THE ROAD TO REPAIR IS LONG.

IT IS TIRELESS.

AND WE UNDERSTAND THAT WE HAVE TO TAKE A FIRST STEP.

THIS IS THE FIRST STEP THAT WE HAVE TAKEN.

FULLY UNDERSTANDING THAT FULL REPAIR IS GOING TO INCLUDE THE NEED TO ADDRESS OUR POLICY AND OTHER FORMS OF COMPENSATION AND RESTITUTION, REHABILITATION.

BUT WE ARE TAKING OUR FIRST TANGIBLE STEP WITH HOUSING, AND IT WILL REPAIR THE DAMAGE ITS DONE BECAUSE IT WILL IMMEDIATELY BUILD WEALTH FOR BLACK FAMILIES THAT WERE STRIPPED AWAY FROM HAVING THAT OPPORTUNITY THROUGH HOUSING EQUITY.

$25,000 OF HOUSING EQUITY TRANSLATES INTO WEALTH THAT CAN BE ACCESSED TO AGE IN PLACE FOR SENIORS, TO USE THAT EQUITY TO SEND CHILDREN TO COLLEGE OR EVEN PAY DOWN A MORTGAGE BALANCE.

SO IT IS BUILDING WEALTH.

MORE IMPORTANTLY, IT IS ALSO BUILDING A SENSE OF PLACE FOR OUR BLACK COMMUNITY.

WE HAVE HAD AN EXODUS.

WE'RE DOWN TO LESS THAN 17% OF THE POPULATION WHEN WE HAD BEEN IN THE MID-20s BEFORE, BUT LACK OF AFFORDABILITY AND A SENSE OF PLATE HAS DECLINED OUR BLACK POPULATION.

THIS WILL BEGIN TO REPAIR FAMILIES THAT HAVE BEEN INJURED BY BUILDING WEALTH, BUILDING A SENSE OF PLACE, STRENGTHENING THE VOICE AND COMMITTING TO CONTINUING THE ROLE TO REPAIR HERE IN EVANSTON.

OKAY.

WELL, LOOK, IT SOUNDS LIKE A REALLY EXCITING, I THINK WE CAN SAY EXPERIMENT RIGHT NOW, RIGHT?

BECAUSE YOU ARE THE FIRST IN THE COUNTRY.

I WILL ASK YOU IN A BIT ABOUT WHETHER IT CAN BE SPREAD OUT AROUND THE COUNTRY.

BUT I WANT TO ASK YOU, PROFESSOR, YOU WERE LOOKING INTO THIS.

AT LEAST THERE IS AN ACKNOWLEDGMENT THERE THAT THERE WAS HISTORIC SYSTEMIC OBVIOUS RACISM AND THE NEED TO REPAIR.

WHAT DO YOU THINK SINCE YOU HAVE DOCUMENTED THIS FOR A LONG TIME AND THE IDEA OF REPARATIONS HERE IN THE U.K. WHEN YOU HEAR WHAT -- WHAT WE'RE LISTENING TO FROM EVANSTON?

AND HOW FAR ARE YOU COMING, IF AT ALL, HERE IN THE U.K.?

WELL, FIRST OF ALL, I THINK WE SHOULD CELEBRATE AND AFFIRM WHAT'S HAPPENING IN ILLINOIS IS TRULY A HISTORIC FIRST STEP.

THE SITUATION IN BRITAIN IS SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT.

WE'RE LOOKING AT REPARATIONS FOR THE TRANSATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE AND THE BRUTALIZATION OF SLAVES.

30 MILLION PEOPLE THAT WE CAN ACCOUNT FOR.

WHAT'S HAPPENED SINCE THE TRAGIC DEATH OF GEORGE FLOYD IS AN AWAKENING, AN AWARENESS BY INDUSTRY WITH SLAVERY LINKS AND AN AWARENESS BY FAMILIES WITH SLAVERY LINKS THAT THEY HAVE TO ATONE AND MAKE AMENDS FOR THE UNJUST ENRICHMENT THAT THEY BENEFITTED FROM.

SO THE SITUATION IS SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT.

WE'RE LOOKING AT WHAT TOOK PLACE IN THE BRITISH WEST INDIES AND LOOKING AT REPARATION FOR THAT PARTICULAR CONTEXT.

THE AWAKENING HAS HAD IMPLICATIONS ALREADY.

WE'RE SEEING THAT AT THE UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW HAS ACKNOWLEDGED IT HAD SLAVERY LINKS AND OFFERED TO PAY 20 MILLION POUNDS IN REPARATIONS.

LLOYD'S BANK, LLOYD'S SHIPPING AND ALSO GREEN FLANK, THE DRINKS COMPANY ACKNOWLEDGED THAT THEY HAVE SLAVERY IN THEIR ECONOMIC DNA AND WANT TO DO SOMETHING ABOUT IT.

OTHER BANKS, OTHER INSTITUTIONS MAKING THESE KIND OF ASSESSMENTS.

AND I WOULDN'T EXPECT -- I WOULD EXPECT THAT IN THE NEXT MONTHS TO COME WE'LL HEAR SOME MAJOR ANNOUNCEMENTS BY MAJOR INSTITUTIONS ABOUT HOW THEY'RE GOING TO MAKE AMENDS.

YOU KNOW, IN THE UNITED STATES, SOME OF THIS IS TAKEN UP IN CONGRESS AS WELL.

ITS NOT REACHED ITS CONCLUSION, OBVIOUSLY, BUT IT HAS BEEN TAKEN UP THERE.

HERE IN THE U.K. THERE SEEMS TO BE AN OPPOSITE REACTION.

THE COURT CONSERVATIVE GOVERNMENT, PARTICULARLY SENIOR MINISTERS HAVE TAKEN ABOUT GESTURE POLITICS, HAVE DENIED IN A REPORT THAT THERE IS ANY SYSTEMIC READING OF THE SYSTEM AGAINST BLACKS OR OTHER MINORITIES AND SEEMS TO BE WORKING IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION TO TALK ABOUT SEEING HISTORY IN ITS FULL 360 DEGREES, SO TO SPEAK.

DOES THAT CONCERN YOU?

I ASK YOU BECAUSE YOU ARE THE BRAIN POWER BEHIND THE DOCUMENTARY EMPIRE PAYS BACK, WHICH FOUND THAT BRITAIN WOULD HAVE TO PAY 7 BILLION POUNDS IN REPARATIONS FOR ITS PART IN THE TRANSATLANTIC SLAVERY TRADE.

LOOK, I THINK WE HAVE TO REMEMBER THAT THE MAJOR EXPORT IS RACISM.

IT IS VERY MUCH WITH US.

UNFORTUNATELY, IT FINDS ITS WAY INTO GOVERNMENT.

WE KNOW THAT SINCE THE 1950s WHEN BLACK PEOPLE HAVE BEEN HERE IN LARGE NUMBERS, THAT STRUCTURAL RACISM HAS BEEN AN EVERY DAY FEATURE OF BLACK PEOPLE'S LIVES.

THAT'S SOMETHING YOU CAN'T WASH AWAY THROUGH WEAK AND POLITICALLY MOTIVATED REPORTS SUCH AS THE FAILURE BY LEADING CONSERVATIVE MINISTERS WITH SLAVERY LINKS TO ACKNOWLEDGE THAT THEY BENEFITTED UNJUSTLY.

I THINK THAT THE WEIGHT OF HISTORY IS WITH THOSE THAT HAVE BEEN CAMPAIGNING FOR PREPARATIONS FOR THE TRANSATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE.

I THINK WE ARE AT A TIPPING POINT WHERE INDUSTRY, GOVERNMENT AND MAYBE IN THE ROYAL FAMILY WITH THE CHANGES IN THE DEMOGRAPHICS OF THE ROYAL FAMILY.

MAYBE NOW THEY WILL ALSO ACKNOWLEDGE THEIR LINKS WITH THE SLAVE PAST AND MAKE AMENDS.

SO I THINK THAT THERE IS JUST TOO MUCH -- THERE IS JUST TOO MUCH GOING ON IN TERMS OF A POSITIVE SENSE THAT CHANGE NEEDS TO TAKE PLACE TO ADDRESS THE PAST, AND THAT CAN'T BE WITHHELD OR STOPPED BY THE RECENT DENIALS BY THE CONSERVATIVE PARTY IN THE REPORT TO SUGGEST THAT RACISM ISN'T AN EVERY DAY PART OF OUR LIVES.

BUT WE NEED TO ALSO DISENTANGLE THE TWO.

ALSO IT IS A PART OF THE PAST, WHAT WE'RE ATTEMPTING TO DO WITH REPARATIONS IS DEAL WITH A PARTICULAR HISTORICAL INJUSTICE AND THE MORALITY OF THAT CAUSE, WHICH IS JUST.

CAN I ASK YOU A PERSONAL QUESTION IN TERMS OF YOUR FAMILY?

WHAT WOULD THE PARTICULAR JIM CROW POLICIES THAT AFFECTED YOUR FAMILY?

WELL, I'M A NATIVE RESIDENT.

AND BY DEFAULT, MY FAMILY WAS RESTRICTED TO LIVING IN THE WEST END OF THE FIFTH WARD DUE TO POLICIES THAT IMPACTED SEGREGATION HERE IN EVANSTON.

SO WE WERE NOT ALLOWED ACCESS TO THE SAME OPPORTUNITY, NOT ALLOWED ACCESS TO THE SAME EDUCATION.

WE ARE THE ONLY NEIGHBORHOOD IN EVANSTON THAT DOESN'T HAVE A NEIGHBORHOOD SCHOOL TODAY STILL.

WE DO NOT HAVE ACCESS TO HEALTHY FOOD.

WE'RE REGISTERED AS A FOOD DESERT.

WE HAVE A COMMUNITY HOSPITAL THAT WAS CLOSED.

AND THESE COMMUNITY AMENITIES HAVE NEVER RETURNED.

WE SEE THE CONSEQUENCES TODAY.

WE SEE IT IN OUR HOUSEHOLD INCOME, OUR DECLINING HOMEOWNER SHIP RATE.

IT IS LOWER THAN IT WAS BEFORE FAIR HOUSING WAS PASSED IN 1968.

WE SEE IT IN OUR EDUCATION OUTCOMES, OUR ACHIEVEMENT GAP.

AND, SO, THAT WAS THE EXPERIENCE THAT I HAD, BEING BUSSED TO PUBLIC SCHOOLS HERE IN EVANSTON AND NOT HAVING THE SAME LIVABILITY AND ACCESS TO OPPORTUNITY AS MY WHITE CLASS MATES AND MY WHITE FRIENDS HERE IN THIS CITY.

THAT CONTINUES TODAY.

IN 2021 WE'RE STILL RACIALLY SEGREGATED.

I STILL LIVE IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD WHICH I WAS BORN AND RAISED AND IT IS STILL THE PREDOMINANTLY BLACK COMMUNITY WITH THE MOST CONCENTRATED POVERTY AND THE LEAST ACCESS TO ALL AMENITIES AND COMMUNITY ASSETS AS WELL.

AND WE ARE CHANGING THAT.

IN PASSING REPARATIONS IN 2019, THERE IS THE HEART AND WILL AMONG OUR CITY TO BEGIN THE ROAD TO REPAIR.

OUR LEGISLATION IS UNIQUE TO THE CITY GOVERNMENT.

IT'S A MUNICIPAL REPARATIONS.

BUT INSTITUTIONS, ORGANIZATIONS, BUSINESSES, OUR FAITH COMMUNITY HAS REALLY STEPPED UP IN OUR CITY AS WE CONTINUE TO ADVANCE OUR MUNICIPAL REPARATIONS POLICY.

CAN I ASK YOU JUST TO ADDRESS SOME OF THE CRITICS?

THERE WILL ALWAYS BE CRITICS AND SOME IN THE COMMUNITY SAYING THAT THE MONEY YOU ARE TALKING ABOUT IS NOT GOING TO GO BACK TO THE BANKS, BUT IT'S GOING TO BE ADMINISTERED OR WHATEVER TO SOME OF THE BANKS WHO WERE PROBABLY COMPLICIT IN THE FIRST PLACE.

THE AMOUNT IS NOT ENOUGH TO RIGHT THE PROFOUND WRONGS, AND THE AMOUNT SHOULD BE IN CASH FOR WHATEVER PEOPLE WANT TO SPEND IT ON.

WHAT ARE YOUR ANSWERS TO THAT?

MY ANSWER TO THAT IS I COULD NOT AGREE MORE THAT THE AMOUNT IS NOT ENOUGH.

BUT THIS IS THE BEGINNING OF THE WORK.

IT IS A FIRST STEP.

IT'S A TANGIBLE STEP.

IT IS $10 MILLION MORE THAN ANY OTHER AMERICAN CITY HAS SET ASIDE FOR THE HARMS IN THEIR BLACK COMMUNITY.

BUT WE ARE BEGINNING THE WORK.

SO THE ANSWER TO THAT IS JOIN THE WORK.

LET'S ADVOCATE TO EXPAND THE FUND AND EXPAND THE PROGRAM.

THE CONCERN ABOUT THE BENEFIT GOING TO THE BANKS, THE WEALTH GOES TO THE FAMILY.

EQUITY IN A HOME IS WEALTH FOR A FAMILY.

AND HOW THAT FAMILY CHOOSES TO USE THEIR EQUITY OR WEALTH IS THEIR PRIVILEGE AND IT IS THEIR RIGHT.

WE DO NOT HAVE PURVIEW OVER THE BANKS.

AND TO THAT POINT, WE HAVE BEEN WORKING VERY HARD TO PARTNER WITH A BANK THAT WILL PROVIDE REPARATION BENEFITS, INCLUDING FINANCIAL PRODUCTS AND SERVICES THAT COMPLIMENT OUR GOALS FOR REPARATIONS HERE IN EVANSTON.

IT IS UNLIKELY THAT ANY RESIDENT, OUR BLACK COMMUNITY OR ANY OTHER, IS PAYING CASH FOR A HOME.

AND IN TERMS OF IT BEING A CASH BENEFIT, OUR FOCUS ON HOUSING WAS INFORMED BY OUR COMMUNITY.

IT IS ALSO DIRECTLY CONNECTED TO THE INJURY THAT WE HAVE HERE IN HOUSING AND ZONING LAWS.

SO WHAT MAKES IT A VERY VIABLE CASE FOR REPARATIONS, WE HAD A DIRECT HARM RELATED TO HOUSING IMPACT AND WELL-BEING STRIPPED AWAY, AND WE HAVE A DIRECT REMEDY THAT RESPONDS TO THAT HARM.

AND I BELIEVE THAT'S WHAT'S ALLOWED US TO ACCELERATE OUR GOALS FOR REPARATION BEHIND THEORY INTO PRACTICE, BEYOND CELEBRATION AND CEREMONY INTO SOMETHING ACTUALLY TANGIBLE.

SO AGREEING IT IS NOT ENOUGH BUT CELEBRATING OUR CITY FOR TAKING A FIRST IMPORTANT STEP, ONE THAT HAS BEEN UNCOMFORTABLE AND UNPRECEDENTED BUT ONE THAT WE HAVE COMMITTED TO AND WE ARE COMMITTED TO BUILDING ON THE WORK.

BEFORE I TURN TO YOU, ROBERT BECKFORD, I WANT TO PLAY AN ILLUSTRATION OF WHAT ROBIN IS TELLING US, AND THAT IS ABOUT THE HOUSING.

HBO LAST WEEK TONIGHT WITH JOHN OLIVER THIS WEEK JUST SHOWED STARK EXAMPLES OF THIS COMPLETE HISTORIC INJUSTICE THAT ROBIN IS TALKING ABOUT.

A BLACK FAMILY CALLED THE BRUISES OWNED EXTREMELY VALUABLE LAND IN MANHATTAN BEACH, I BELIEVE IT IS.

AND THE CITY TOOK IT AWAY UNDER THE GUISE OF EM EMINENT DOMAIN IN THE 1920s.

THERE IS OBVIOUSLY ONLY TWO WAYS OF MAKING THIS RIGHT.

GIVE THE BRUISES $20 MILLION OR GIVE THEM THEIR LAND BACK.

AND INCREDIBLY THE LATTER MIGHT ACTUALLY HAPPEN BECAUSE L.A.

COUNTY, WHICH OWNS THE LAND, RECENTLY RELEASED A LAND FOR RETURNING IT TO THE BRUCES, WHICH IS ABOUT TIME.

IT'S LITERALLY BEEN CALLED B BRUCES' BEACH.

IT INDICATES POSSESSION.

A BRITISH EXPORT SHOWING HIS MORAL OUTRAGE IN AMERICA.

I GUESS I WANT TO ASK YOU FOR YOUR REACTION TO THAT ISSUE.

BUT ALSO, CAN YOU TELL ME HOW IT'S MANIFESTING ITSELF IN THE U.K. GIVEN IT IS A DIFFERENT SITUATION BUT THOSE WHO WERE CAUGHT UP IN THIS HISTORIC INJUSTICE OF THE SLAVE TRADE.

WHAT ARE THE WORST IMPACTS HERE IN THE U.K. FOR THEM?

WELL, FIRST, I THINK THE BRUCES SITUATION IS TRAGIC AND IT'S REPRODUCED RIGHT ACROSS AMERICAS.

IT IS NOT AN ISOLATED INCIDENT.

THE TAKING OF WEALTH OF THE BLACK AMERICANS WAS PART OF THE WHITE SUPREMACIST PROJECT.

IT IS TRAGIC.

IN BRITAIN, IT IS SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT.

WE'RE LOOKING AT A POST WAR SITUATION WHERE COLONIAL CITIZENS WHOSE ANCESTORS WERE ENSLAVED BY THE BRITISH COME TO BRITAIN AND EXPERIENCE BRITISH RACISM.

SO WE'RE DEALING NOT ONLY WITH IMPACT OF SLAVERY IN THE CARIBBEAN BUT THE WAY WHICH RACISM MANIFESTED ITSELF WITHIN BRITISH SOCIETY.

WE COULD LOOK AT HOW IT'S IMPACTED IN TERMS OF EDUCATION.

WE KNOW THAT WHEN THERE IS MARKING, FOR EXAMPLE, WHEN NAMES ARE SHOWN THAT AFRICAN CARIBBEAN PEOPLE SCORE LOWER THAN THEIR WHITE COUNTER PARTS.

WE KNOW THAT FOR A LONG PERIOD.

THERE HAVE BEEN ISSUES AROUND RACIALIZED HOUSING WHERE BLACK AND BROWN PEOPLE HAVE NOT RECEIVED THE BEST HOUSING THAT WAS AVAILABLE TO THEM.

WE ALSO KNOW THAT EMPLOYMENT AND IN, FOR EXAMPLE, ANOTHER AREA WHERE RACIALIZED OPPRESSION HAS MANIFESTED ITSELF.

SO WE'RE LOOKING AT TWO SPHERES OF INFLUENCE HERE.

THE WEST INDIES AND HOW REPARATION IS MADE FROM JUST GETTING THERE, ALSO ITS CONTINUITY AND NEW FORMS OF RACIALIZED OPPRESSION WITH A CONTEMPORARY BRITAIN.

AND WE'LL KEEP WATCHING.

BOTH OF YOU, THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR JOINING US.

THANK YOU SO MUCH.

AND WE WILL SEE WHETHER EVANSTON REMAINS A LONE HOLD-OUT OR WHETHER YOUR EXAMPLE WILL CARRY ON AROUND THE U.S., ROBIN.

THANK YOU SO MUCH.

THANK YOU.

> NOW, WHETHER IT IS CONVERSATIONS AROUND RACE OR COVID-19, SOCIAL MEDIA HAS HELPED SPREAD DISTRUST, DIVISION AND MISINFORMATION.

THE WHITE HOUSE HAS TAKEN ON THE SOCIAL MEDIA GIANT WITH YOUTUBE, THE LATEST TO FACE ITS WRATH.

NOW A NEW BOOK CALLED 'AN UGLY TRUTH' REVEALS WHAT THEY CLAIM ARE FACEBOOK'S DELIBERATELY DARK STRATEGIES IN THIS BATTLE FOR DOMINATION.

HERE THEY ARE SPEAKING TO US.

THANKS.

THANKS SO MUCH FOR JOINING US.

I WANT TO START WITH KIND OF THE TENSION THAT'S BUBBLING RIGHT NOW BETWEEN FACEBOOK, THE ADMINISTRATION AND REALLY EVERYONE, WHICH IS THE DISINFORMATION AND MISINFORMATION ABOUT VACCINES THAT'S SPREADING RIGHT NOW.

WE KNOW THAT THE MAJORITY OF THE PEOPLE WHO ARE IN HOSPITALS AND DYING TODAY AS WE REPORT THIS INTERVIEW ARE ALL UNVACCINATED.

AND FOR A BIG SUBSECTION OF THAT POPULATION, THEY GET THEIR NEWS FROM SOCIAL MEDIA.

AND AGAIN A LARGER SUBSECTION OF THAT, THEY PROBABLY SAY THEY HEARD IT ON FACEBOOK.

THE ADMINISTRATION HAS TRIED TO TURN UP THE HEAT ON FACEBOOK AND TRIED TO SAY THIS IS -- THERE IS RESPONSIBILITY HERE.

LET ME START WITH YOU.

WHAT RESPONSIBILITY DOES FACEBOOK HAVE TO POLICE AND MISINFORMATION AND DISINFORMATION ABOUT VACCINES ON ITS PLATFORM?

THE WHITE HOUSE SEES MISINFORMATION AS THE LAST HURDLE.

THEY BELIEVE THAT FACEBOOK HAS A LOT MORE WITHIN THEIR CONTROL THAN THEY'RE EXERCISING IN CONTROLLING THIS MISINFORMATION SPREAD.

SO THERE IS RESPONSIBILITY IN THAT IT IS THE BIGGEST SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORM.

AND WHEN THE WHITE HOUSE ASKS AMERICANS WHY AREN'T THEY GETTING VACCINATED, AS YOU SAID, THEY SAY THEY LEARN THEORIES ABOUT THE HARMS OF THE VACCINES THAT ARE FALSE, OFTEN ON FACEBOOK.

FACEBOOK SAYS THAT IT IS TRYING, AND IT DOES HAVE ABSOLUTELY RESPONSIBILITY.

BUT THE QUESTION IS HOW HARD ARE THEY TRYING TO ACTUALLY CLAMP DOWN ON THE SPREAD OF MISINFORMATION.

NOT ONLY THE EFFORTS THEY DO IN TRYING TO PROMOTE AUTHENTIC INFORMATION, BUT WHAT ARE THEY DOING ON THE MISINFORMATION SIDE?

ONE OF THE RESPONSES THAT FACEBOOK HAD TO THE ADMINISTRATION WAS, LOOK, WE HAVE DONE ALL THIS GOOD.

WE HAVE CONNECTED SO MANY MILLIONS OF PEOPLE TO GOOD INFORMATION ABOUT VACCINES, ABOUT WHERE THEY CAN GET A SHOT.

THIS IS THE KIND OF STUFF WE'RE DOING AS A SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORM.

AT THE SAME TIME, I INTERVIEWED AHMED MONTHS AGO AND THE CENTER FOR ENCOUNTERING DIGITAL HATE HAD PUT OUT THIS REPORT THAT SHOWED LITERALLY A DOZEN PEOPLE ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR WHAT 70% PLUS OF MISINFORMATION THAT'S HAPPENING ON THEIR PLATFORM.

IS FACEBOOK NOT READING THAT REPORT?

ARE THEY IN DENIAL?

WHAT DO YOU HEAR?

THAT REPORT HAS BEEN OUT FOR A LONG TIME.

IT SHOWS THAT OVER 65% OF IT IS BEING SEEN ON SOCIAL MEDIA.

AND PEOPLE WITHIN FACEBOOK HAVE ABSOLUTELY SEEN THAT REPORT.

I THINK WHAT IT SHOWS AND REALLY IT'S A PATTERN THAT REPEATS ITSELF IN OUR BOOK IS THAT FACEBOOK IS OFTEN VERY REACTIVE RATHER THAN BEING PROACTIVE ABOUT THESE PROBLEMS.

INSTEAD OF PERHAPS CONTACTING THE WHITE HOUSE THEMSELVES OR LAUNCHING A PLAN AND SAYING HERE'S THE 12 PEOPLE.

HERE IS WHAT WE HAVE ALREADY DONE.

HERE IS WHAT WE HOPE TO DO TO COLLECT MORE DATA ON HOW MISINFORMATION SPREADS.

THEY CONTINUE WITH THE STATUS QUO.

WHAT WE KNOW IS THEY REACHED A POINT LAST WEEK WHERE THE WHITE HOUSE WAS ASKING THEM FOR INFORMATION THEY JUST DIDN'T HAVE BECAUSE THEY HAD NOT SET UP THOSE SYSTEMS THAT COULD TRACK HOW FAR MISINFORMATION WAS SPREADING ABOUT THE COVID VACCINE ON THEIR PLATFORMS.

PRESIDENT BIDEN RECENTLY ACCUSED FACEBOOK OF KILLING PEOPLE.

HE KIND OF WALKED BACK THAT STATEMENT A LITTLE BIT.

BUT WHAT IS SOMETHING THAT GOVERNMENT CAN OR SHOULD DO TO TRY AND STOP MISINFORMATION?

YOU KNOW, I THINK THAT GOVERNMENT OFTEN GETS LOST IN VERY SPECIFIC DISCUSSIONS ABOUT REALLY SPECIFIC PIECES OF MISINFORMATION.

AND IN A WAY, THAT'S MISSING THE FOREST THROUGH THE TREES HERE.

YOU KNOW, THERE ARE A LOT OF QUESTIONS AROUND, YOU KNOW, WHAT PIECES OF INDIVIDUAL CONTENT CAN BE MODERATED OR EVEN SPECIFIC PEOPLE.

AS WE SAW THE WHITE HOUSE WITH RESPECT TO DISINFORMATION.

INSTEAD, THEY COULD BE HAVING A DISCUSSION ABOUT WHY DOES FACEBOOK STILL RECOMMEND THAT PEOPLE JOIN ANTI-VACCINE GROUPS.

WHY DOES FACEBOOK'S ALGORITHM PUSH YOU INTO THOSE GROUPS.

I YESTERDAY WENT AND JOINED ONE GROUP THAT WAS NATURAL CURES FOR THE COMMON COLD.

WITHIN ONE CLICK, FACEBOOK WAS PUSHING ME INTO A GROUP THAT WAS ANTI-VACCINE.

I WOULD BE HAVING DISCUSSIONS ABOUT THAT WHICH IS SOMETHING THEY SAID THEY WANT TO CHANGE AND DO DIFFERENTLY.

I WOULD BE THINKING MORE ABOUT HOW DOES FACEBOOK AS A PLATFORM SPREAD THAT MOVEMENT RATHER THAN INDIVIDUAL PLAYERS WITHIN THAT MOVEMENT?

WHETHER IT IS INFORMATION OR MISINFORMATION ABOUT THE VAC S -- VACCINES, WHETHER IT IS ABOUT GROUPS ORGANIZING TO PLAN AN INSURRECTION AGAINST THE CAPITOL, TIME AND TIME AGAIN, WHAT YOU DETAIL IN THIS BOOK IS THAT THERE ARE THESE DELIBERATIONS BETWEEN PEOPLE INSIDE FACEBOOK, AND FACEBOOK TOOK INTENTIONAL ACTIONS THAT DID CHANGE THE VIEW FOR BILLIONS OF PEOPLE OF WHAT THEY SAW.

I MEAN, THEY SORT OF PROVED THAT IT WAS POSSIBLE THAT THEY COULD TURN THE DIAL, SO TO SPEAK, OR FLIP SOME SWITCHES AND CHANGE THINGS.

UH-HUH, YES.

IT WAS REALLY AN IMPORTANT MOMENT FOR US IN DISCOVERING, AS WE WERE REPORTING THIS BOOK, THAT FACEBOOK HAS A LOT OF POWER WITHIN ITS CONTROL AND THAT THEY KEEP THIS FROM THE PUBLIC, THAT THEY'RE NOT TRANSPARENT ABOUT HOW THEY DO TURN THOSE DIALS.

IN THAT INSTANCE, THEY HAD DECIDED TO CHANGE THE RANKINGS OF THE NEWS FEED TO PRIORITIZE MORE AUTHORITATIVE OUTLETS LIKE NEWS OUTLETS AND THAT THAT ACTUALLY PUT AND SURFACED MORE AUTHORITATIVE NEWS TO THE TOP OF THE NEWS FEED.

IT SHOWS THERE IS WITHIN THEIR CONTROL THIS PARTICULAR PATTERN.

AND IT ALSO -- SO IT SHOWS IMPORTANTLY THAT THEY'RE NOT EXPLAINING AND REVEALING TO THE PUBLIC WHAT THEY'RE DOING.

ANOTHER IMPORTANT PATTERN WE DISCOVERED IS THAT OFTENTIMES FACEBOOK'S BIG DECISIONS ARE MADE BY A SMALL GROUP OF PEOPLE WITHIN FACEBOOK AND PARTICULARLY THE CEO MARK ZUCKER BBERG WHO H SEIZED CONTROL ON THESE REALLY IMPORTANT POLICY DECISIONS OVER CONTENT AND SPEECH AND THE SPREAD OF MISINFORMATION ONLINE.

MAYBE THIS IS AN OVERLY SIMPLE OR OVERLY COMPLEX PROBLEM.

BUT WHAT DETERMINES ON FACEBOOK WHAT IT IS THAT I SEVERE VERSUS WHAT IT IS THAT YOU SEE.

THIS IS A KEY TAKE AWAY, WHICH IS THAT FACEBOOK IS A PUBLIC SQUARE WITH ALGORITHMS THAT SURFACE THE MOST EMOTIVE CONTENT TO THE TOP OF NEWS FEEDS AND THEY ALSO DIRECT ITS USERS TO GROUPS AND OTHER PAGES BASED ON THEIR ACTIVITY.

AND THE ALGORITHMS ALWAYS BIAS TOWARDS THE MOST EMOTIVE CONTENT.

WHAT I MEAN BY THAT IS CONTENT THAT SPURS SOME SORT OF EMOTIONAL REACTION.

BE IT ANGER OR FEAR, HAPPINESS, WHAT HAVE YOU.

BUT THAT KIND OF CONTENT GETS YOU TO LIKE, TO PUT AN EMOJI ON AND TO SHARE.

AND THAT'S THE KIND OF EN ENGAGEMENT THAT FACEBOOK NEEDS MORE IMPORTANTLY TO FEED ITS BUSINESS.

FACEBOOK IS IN THE BUSINESS OF GATHERING YOUR DATABASED ON HOW MUCH INPUT YOU PUT INTO THE SITE, HOW MUCH ENGAGEMENT YOU HAVE ON THE SITE.

SO THE ANALOGY OF IT BEING A TOWN SQUARE IS NOT QUITE RIGHT.

SOMEBODY REALLY APTLY SAYS, FREEDOM OF SPEECH DOES NOT MEAN FREEDOM OF REACH.

AND THE REACH PART IS WHERE THE ALGORITHMS COMES UP.

THAT'S HOW FACEBOOK DIFFERS FROM ANY COMMUNICATIONS PLATFORM WE HAVE SEEN IN HISTORY.

ONE OF THE THINGS THAT'S INTERESTING IS THAT IF YOU GO WITH THIS NOTION THAT FACEBOOK CAN MODERATE AND TURN DOWN THINGS.

SAY, FOR EXAMPLE, UNDER THE THREAT OF IMINNOCENT VIOLENCE, RIGHT, THAT OUR PROTECTIONS OF POLITICAL SPEECH OR FREE SPEECH ARE GOING TO APPLY LESS IF YOU ARE THREATENING THE LIVES OF SOMEONE OR THREATENING SOME VIOLENCE.

WELL, IF THEY CAN DO THAT IN AMERICA, WHAT ABOUT THE REST OF THE WORLD THAT'S USING FACEBOOK IN SOME CASES TO ACTUALLY CAUSE HARM ON GROUPS OF PEOPLE?

I MEAN, WE HAVE SEEN THIS PLAY OUT WHETHER IN SRI LANKA OR MYANMAR.

I'M GLAD YOU ASKED THAT.

WE HAVE A WHOLE CHAPTER ABOUT MYANMAR BECAUSE THAT IS THE WORST CASE SCENARIO WHERE FACEBOOK DIDN'T HAVE A LOCAL AND FREE PRESS.

IT DIDN'T HAVE NGOs AND CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE GROUPS.

AND WE SAW WHAT HAPPENED.

FACEBOOK IN THAT COUNTRY HAD ONE CONTENT MODERATOR THAT SPOKE JUST AND RESPONSIBLE FOR ALL THE CONTENT IN THAT COUNTRY WHERE OVER 100 LANGUAGES ARE SPOKEN.

THAT LED TO A GENOCIDE, BUT IT IS LOOKING ACROSS THE WORLD IN MOST COUNTRIES.

FACEBOOK JUST DOESN'T HAVE THE SAME TEAMS OF CONTENT MODERATORS.

THEY DON'T HAVE PEOPLE THAT SPEAK EVERY LANGUAGE IN INDONESIA FOR THAT MATTER.

HOW DO YOU RESPONSIBLY MAKE YOURSELF THE PREEMINENT SOCIAL MEDIA COMPANY OF THE WORLD, LAUNCHING INTO ALL THESE COUNTRIES ALL OVER THE WORLD WITHOUT GIVING THE SAME KIND OF RESOURCES TO CONTENT MODERATORS TO MAKE SURE WHATEVER YOU ARE DOING HERE IN THE UNITED STATES, BEING ON TOP OF THE HATE SPEECH, BEING ON TOP OF THE ELECTIONS, YOU CAN DO THAT IN EVERY COUNTRY WHERE YOU HAVE LAUNCHED.

YOU BOTH WRITE A LOT ABOUT THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SANDBERG AND ZUCKERBERG.

IN A WAY HOW SHE CAME IN REALLY TO JUICE UP THE BUSINESS BUT ALSO BALANCE SOME OF THE STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES THAT MARK HAD.

IN THE PAST COUPLE OF YEARS WE HAVE SEEN LESS AND LESS.

WHAT IS HER STATUS WITHIN THE COMPANY RIGHT NOW FROM THE FOLKS THAT YOU'RE IN TOUCH WITH ARE STILL THERE.

YES.

I MEAN, I THINK THERE IS TWO WAYS TO LOOK AT HER STATUS RIGHT NOW.

FIRST OF ALL, SHE STILL LEADS AN INCREDIBLY IMPORTANT PART OF THE BUSINESS, WHICH IS THE ACTUAL REVENUE CREATION, THE PROFIT CENTER, WHICH IS THE ADVERTISING BUSINESS.

SHE IS BY ALL ACCOUNTS A GREAT SUCCESS.

THE COMPANY IS THRIVING.

$85 BILLION IN REVENUES AND A $1 TRILLION VALUATION.

SHE HAS, HOWEVER, RUN UP AGAINST MARK ZUCKERBERG'S CONCERN ABOUT ALL THE PUBLIC FALL-OUT OVER ALL THE CSCANDALS OF FACEBOOK.

MARK ZUCKERBERG HAS TAKEN OVER A LOT OF THE RESPONSIBILITIES THAT EARLY ON HE LEFT TO HER BECAUSE HE THOUGHT THEY WERE NOT INTERESTING RESPONSIBILITIES OVER POLICIES, COMMUNICATIONS, LEGAL, FOR EXAMPLE.

SO HE HAS LOST SOME CONFIDENCE IN HER AS WELL AS TAKEN OVER MORE CONTROL OF THOSE KINDS OF ROLES.

SO HER ROLE ON THE OTHER PART OF THE BUSINESS THAT'S VERY PUBLIC FACING AND REALLY DEALS WITH THE ISSUES AND FACE BOOK AT THE INTERSECTION OF SOCIETY AND POLITICS ARE MUCH MORE INFLUENCED BY HIS DECISION-MAKING.

WE UNDERSTAND THAT SHE'S BECOME MUCH MORE ISOLATED.

I WANT TO QUOTE A RESPONSE THAT FACEBOOK HAD TO YOUR BOOK.

IT SAYS THIS BOOK TIES OUT A FALSE NARRATIVE FROM DISGRUNTLED INDIVIDUALS AND CHERRY PICKED FACTS.

THE PEOPLE WHO WORK WITH THEM DO NOT EXIST.

ALL OF MARK'S DIRECT REPORTS WERE CLOSELY WITH SHERYL AND HERS WITH MARK.

SHERYLS ROLE AT THE COMPANY HAS NOT CHANGED.

DO YOUR SOURCES TELL YOU OTHERWISE?

THEY DO.

I WOULD POINT OUT THAT WE SPOKE TO OVER 400 PEOPLE FOR THIS BOOK.

THE VAST MAJORITY OF THEM STILL WORK AT FACE BOOK.

WE DIDN'T AT ANY POINT IN TIME GO SEEKING DISGRUNTLED EX-EMPLOYEES.

WE WENT SEEKING PEOPLE IN THE ROOM THAT COULD SPEAK SO IT.

AND I THINK THAT IF FACEBOOK WERE TO BE HONEST ABOUT ITS UPPER ECHELONS, IT WOULD SAY QUITE A FEW PEOPLE HAVE BEEN HIRED AT THE TOP AND THEY DO JOBS WITHIN THE COMPANY THAT USED TO BE HANDLED BY SHERYL SANDBERG AND MORE TO THE POINT MARK ZUCKERBERG CURRENTLY DOES THE JOBS HANDLED.

SO HER ROLE HAS VERY MUCH CHANGED.

THE TIME PERIOD THAT YOU ARE LOOKING AT DURING THIS IS ALSO THE RISE OF DONALD TRUMP TO BE PRESIDENT AND THE ACTIONS THAT HIS ADMINISTRATION TAKES.

AND YOU REPEATEDLY HAVE EMPLOYEES IN THERE SPEAKING OF AND CHALLENGING HATE SPEECH, RACIST SPEECH, BUT REPEATEDLY THE COMPANY SEEMS TO SIDE WITH THE POLITICS OF THE DAY, TAKING THAT INTO ACCOUNT AS WELL AS THE BUSINESS SIDE OF IT.

YOU SAY, WAIT, IS THAT SEPARATE FROM WHAT WE'RE ACTUALLY LOOKING AT?

WHY DOES THE POLITICS MATTER SO MUCH?

I MEAN, WE SEE THEM SORT OF TAKING THIS POLITICAL CALCULUS INTO AFFECT AT THE START OF TRUMP'S CAMPAIGN FOR PRESIDENT, MAKING THIS DECISION ULTIMATELY THAT WILL CARVE OUT AN EXCEPTION FOR DONALD TRUMP.

AND THAT'S A DECISION EARLY ON MADE REALLY QUITE AD HOC WHICH KIND OF HAUNTS THEM THROUGH THE TRUMP PRESIDENCY AND THIS IDEA THAT GROWS.

FACEBOOK CONSTANTLY TRYING TO FIGHT AGAINST THAT BY REALLY, YOU KNOW, MAKING QUITE A FEW DECISIONS OUT OF FEAR OF UPSETTING MORE CONSERVATIVES.

I THINK ONE MOMENT THAT I REMEMBER QUITE VIVIDLY WAS WHEN THEY DECIDED TO TAKE DOWN QANON AND ITS SECURITY MAKES THIS RECOMMENDATION OF HERE ARE THE GROUPS WE THINK YOU SHOULD REMOVE.

WE THINK IT'S REALLY IMPORTANT TO NATIONAL SECURITY THAT YOU REMOVE THESE GROUPS AND THEY'RE TOLD BY THE POLICY TEAM TO WAIT AND FIND GROUPS ON THE LEFT, WHICH WOULD BE SOMEHOW EQUIVALENT THAT THEY COULD TAKE DOWN AT THE SAME TIME SO THAT FACEBOOK COULD ANNOUNCE A LARGER TAKEDOWN.

AND IT TAKES THEM SEVERAL WEEKS TO COME UP WITH THIS BIGGER LIST.

TO ME THAT WAS A KEY MOMENT WHERE THEY'RE SHOWING THEY'RE SLOWING DOWN ACTION JUST TO CREATE A FALSE EQUIVALENCE SO THAT THE RIGHT WING MEDIA DOESN'T SPIN IT AS, OH, THEY ONLY TOOK DOWN A CERTAIN TYPE OF GROUP ON THE PLATFORM.

CECILIA, YOU HAVE COVERED TECHNOLOGY IN WASHINGTON FOR A WHILE.

YOU KNOW THAT ADMINISTRATIONS CHANGE AND THINGS GO INTO FAVOR AND OUT OF FAVOR.

HERE WE ARE NOW, PERHAPS BECAUSE OF HOW FACEBOOK WAS USE D IN TH CAMPAIGN AGAINST HILLARY CLINTON FOR THE ATTENTION OF DONALD TRUMP.

THE LEFT SEEMS FAR LESS ENTHUSED.

THE SHINE HAS COME OFF SILICON VALLEY FOR THEM.

ON THE RIGHT, THEY SAY OUR SPEECH IS BEING SWELL CHED.

IT SEEMS LIKE A STRANGE BED FOLLOWS MOMENT WHERE YOU HAVE AN AGREEMENT THAT THERE NEEDS TO BE SOMETHING DONE.

AT THE SAME TIME, YOU HAVE AN ADMINISTRATION THAT HAS STAFFED UP FOLKS THAT ARE REALLY PAYING ATTENTION TO ANTITRUST AND THE SPREAD AND THE POWER OF SOCIAL MEDIA.

WITH ALL OF THAT GOING FOR CHANGE, IS IT LIKELY THAT ANYTHING WILL CHANGE FOR FACEBOOK?

I MEAN, I DO THINK THAT CHANGE WILL HAVE TO COME FROM THE OUTSIDE.

I DON'T THINK YOU'RE GOING TO SEE CHANGE FROM INTERNALLY.

MARK ZUCKERBERG IS NOT STEPPING DOWN ANY TIME SOON AND HE DOESN'T HAVE ACCOUNTABILITY INSIDE.

FROM THE OUTSIDE, IT WILL TAKE SOME TIME, BUT THERE IS INCREDIBLE ENTHUSIASM AND ENERGY IN WASHINGTON.

REPUBLICANS AND DEMOCRATS ARE UNITED IN THEIR REAL DESIRE TO REIGN IN BIG COMPANIES LIKE FACEBOOK.

EVEN THOUGH YOU HAVE JONATHAN KANTER, LENA KHAN AND TIM WU WHO HAVE CALLED FOR THE BREAK-UP OF BIG TECH COMPANIES, THEY'RE STILL ENCUMBERED BY COURTS, THE SUPREME COURT AS WELL AS OTHER COURTS, AS WELL AS THE LACK OF LEGISLATION THAT REALLY CAN FIT INTERNET COMPANIES INTO A FILTER OF ENFORCEMENT ACTION TODAY.

THESE ARE -- THIS IS LAWS THAT WAS CREATED -- THAT WERE CREATED DURING THE BIG OIL AND BIG STEEL DAYS.

SO THERE IS SOME BIG CHALLENGES AHEAD.

BUT I THINK IF HISTORY IS A GUIDE, IT IS INEVITABLE.

IT IS INEVITABLE THESE COMPANIES WON'T SEE SOME SORT OF REGULATION AT SOME POINT.

WHAT IS THE MOST SURPRISING OR DISTURBING FEE THAT YOU LEARNED WHEN YOU WERE DOING ALL THIS REPORTING?

I THINK IT WAS JUST HOW MANY PEOPLE TRIED TO SOUND THE ALARM, ESPECIALLY THE MYANMAR CHAPTER, TO HAVE SOMEONE IN THEIR OWN OFFICES TO HAVE SOMEONE TELLING THEM A GENOCIDE WILL HAPPEN IF YOU DON'T CHANGE SOMETHING.

AND TO HAVE THE COMPANY STILL NOT TAKE ACTION, I MYSELF WAS SHOCKED AT THAT.

I WAS SHOCKED AT JUST INTERNALLY HOW MANY FACEBOOK EMPLOYEES HAVE BEEN TRYING TO DO GOOD, HAVE BEEN TRYING TO TELL THEIR BOSSES THAT THEY SEE MAJOR PROBLEMS AND MAJOR ISSUES.

I THINK ALL OF US SHOULD BE AWARE THAT THERE ARE REALLY GOOD PEOPLE IN THE COMPANY WHO ARE TRYING TO DO BETTER.

IT IS UNFORTUNATE THEY'RE NOT LISTENED TO.

ONE OF THE THINGS THAT SURPRISED ME THE MOST IS HOW THIS IS SO MUCH MARK ZUCKERBERG'S COMPANY.

I THINK I SUSPECTED THAT IN THE BEGINNING.

BUT TO HEAR THAT HE WAS MAKING THE CALLS ON A DOCTORED VIDEO OF HOUSE SPEAKER NANCY PELOSI AND HE WAS MAKING THE CALLS ON THE FORMER PRESIDENT CALLING FOR AMERICANS TO DRINK BLEACH AND TO TAKE UV LIGHTING TO CURE COVID AND HE WAS SAYING THOSE POSTS SHOULD REMAIN UP, THAT WAS SURPRISING TO ME TO LEARN THAT HE WAS IN MANY WAYS THE FINAL DECIDER ON THESE IMPORTANT DECISIONS.

THE BOOK IS CALLED AN UGLY TRUTH INSIDE FACEBOOK'S BATTLE FOR DOMINATION.

THANK YOU BOTH.

THANK YOU.

ALL RIGHT.

> AND, FINALLY, A WAY FROM FACEBOOK, LET US HEAR IT FROM THE UNDERDOGS.

TOM DALEY HAS FINALLY STRUCK GOLD ON HIS FOURTH OLYMPICS AFTER WINNING THE MEN'S SYNCHRONIZED DIVING.

IN THE WOMEN'S SKATEBOARDING, THREE TEENAGERS WITH A COMBINED AGE OF 42 SWEPT THE MEDAL.

IN SWIMMING, UPSET THE FAVORITES AND POWERED TO GOLD IN THE 400 METER FREE STYLE.

AND LAST BUT NOT LEAST, IN BASKETBALL, FRANCE HAS BEATEN THE HEAVY FAVORITE, THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ENDING THEIR IMPRESSIVE 17-YEAR WINNING STREAK.

> AND THAT SIT FOR OUR PROGRAM TONIGHT.

REMEMBER, YOU CAN FOLLOW ME AND THE SHOW ON TWITTER.

THANKS FOR WATCHING.

AND JOIN US AGAIN TOMORROW NIGHT.

> 'AMANPOUR & COMPANY' IS MADE POSSIBLE BY -- SUE AND EDGAR WACHENHEIM III.

CANDACE KING WEIR.

THE CHERYL AND PHILIP MILSTEIN FAMILY.

THE ANDERSON FAMILY FUND.

THE STRAUS FAMILY FOUNDATION.

JIM ATWOOD AND LESLIE WILLIAMS.

BERNARD AND DENISE SCHWARTZ.

COMMITTED TO BRIDGING CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN OUR COMMUNITIES.

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