{"id":34951,"date":"2018-09-21T10:00:18","date_gmt":"2018-09-21T14:00:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/?p=34951"},"modified":"2018-10-04T12:06:16","modified_gmt":"2018-10-04T16:06:16","slug":"ethics-in-designing-prisons","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/2018\/09\/21\/ethics-in-designing-prisons\/34951\/","title":{"rendered":"Ethics in Designing Prisons"},"content":{"rendered":"

By David Tereshchuk<\/strong><\/p>\n

Imagine you\u2019re an architect. Your assignment? To design a prison.<\/p>\n

Heaven knows, you\u2019re needed. The boom in American prison-construction \u2013 an almost four-fold growth from 500 to nearly 2000 facilities since the 1970s \u2013 has become a (disturbing) wonder of the western world.<\/p>\n

You would face challenging ethical questions as a practicing professional. Like \u2026 would you, as part of your assignment, be willing to design an execution-chamber? Perhaps not.<\/p>\n

Well, that\u2019s maybe not so much of a problem. The building of a brand-new execution-chamber, after all, is a rare event. But let\u2019s pose another, maybe less extreme case. How would you feel about designing solitary confinement units? There\u2019s much greater call for these, since just about every new prison in America calls for some space devoted to \u201cisolation\u201d, \u201cadministrative segregation\u201d, \u201cbehavior intervention\u201d – or whatever voguish euphemism may be currently in use by whichever prison authority is commissioning the building.<\/p>\n

\u201cNo! Never!<\/em>\u201d and \u201cWe would never want to design anything that\u2019s related to solitary confinement<\/em>\u201d were among answers I heard from junior architects and planners in an Oakland, CA architectural practice I recently visited – for the PBS NewsHour\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/a>Weekend<\/a>.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Such conscience-led grass-roots members of the profession are being recruited by Raphael Sperry<\/strong>, president of Architects \/ Designers \/ Planners for Social Responsibility<\/strong> (ADPSR)<\/a>. He\u2019s campaigning, local chapter by chapter of the national American Institute of Architects<\/strong>, for an overhaul of the profession\u2019s Code of Ethics<\/a> \u2013 in effect to outlaw work on designing solitary confinement units.<\/p>\n

From a moral standpoint, says Sperry: \u201carchitects can\u2019t design spaces for solitary confinement – that really shouldn\u2019t be acceptable. It\u2019s no more acceptable than designing a torture chamber, because people in there experience torture<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n

Sperry\u2019s campaign is an expression in specifically architectural terms of a gradually rising (and often politically non-partisan) tide of opposition to the use of solitary confinement. There\u2019s already been some reform in certain penal jurisdictions (such as Mississippi and North Dakota), and for certain classes of prisoners like those under 18 (as in New York). But truth to tell, these are so far minor changes to the general national picture.<\/p>\n

Indeed there\u2019s evidence that, for all the reforms, the use of Solitary is actually still growing. At the federal level, the Government Accountability Office reports that while the total federal prison population rose by 6% between 2008 and 2013, the proportion of inmates being held in solitary confinement grew by nearly three times as much through the same period \u2013 that is, by 17% (in actual numbers of individuals, an increase from 10,\u2009650 to 12,\u2009460).<\/p>\n

And the disturbing fact remains that, if we count all forms of incarceration from federal down to state and local level, we find the overall total of Americans living in solitary to be still 80,000\u00a0 or more (out of an overall incarcerated population of approximately 2.2 million).<\/p>\n

Perhaps ironically for today\u2019s reforming architects, \u2018isolation\u2019 in American prisons began as a moral reform \u2013 an improvement on previously gruesome and overcrowded conditions. In the early nineteenth-century the Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons<\/strong> (of which Benjamin Franklin<\/strong> had been an early member) successfully lobbied for the Pennsylvania Legislature to build a prison entirely designed on the principle of solitary confinement.<\/p>\n

A British architect,\u00a0John Haviland<\/b>, won a hundred dollars for his design, a star-shaped floor-plan comprising blocks of galleried cells radiating outward, with in theory a \u201cpanoptic\u201d system of all-seeing observation for jailers watching from a central point. Each of its original 250 cells had its own small exercise-yard. Indeed remarkable measures were taken to ensure no communication at all between prisoners, or\u00a0between prisoners and guards. On the rare occasion when prisoners might be out of their individual confinement, they would have to wear a hood without eye-holes. Labor was done in the prison \u2013 but nothing communal, only the kind of work achievable within an individual cell, such as shoe-making and weaving.<\/p>\n

The originally well-meaning, in part Quaker-influenced, theory was that complete isolation would make prisoners reflective \u2026 they would regret their crime \u2026 and become penitent. Hence the new vocabulary, ushered in with Haviland\u2019s prison being named the Eastern State Penitentiary<\/em>. <\/strong><\/p>\n

But the experiment was to be judged a failure eventually. After eight decades of determined effort the so-called \u201cPennsylvania Method\u201d of “separate or solitary confinement at labor” was abandoned. It had in its turn provoked its own protest and reform movement \u2013 including notably the novelist Charles Dickens<\/strong> who came to visit from England and condemned it memorably: \u201cI hold this slow and daily tampering with the mysteries of the brain to be immeasurably worse than any torture of the body<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n

Such is Eastern State Penitentiary\u2019s major lesson from history (and indeed its buildings are now a Historic Site<\/a>,\u00a0in effect a museum of incarceration). But history moved on, and solitary confinement once again gained considerable ground in the latter part of the twentieth century, usually as a form of in-house punishment \u2013 or for some prisoners\u2019 protection from the general population. Troublingly, it came to be employed for inordinate lengths of time, even decades in some cases. It\u2019s that surge, and its continuance despite the growing body of psychological research that demonstrates solitary\u2019s harmful psychological effects, that we are still confronted with now.<\/p>\n

Raphael Sperry\u2019s efforts to ban solitary confinement from the architect\u2019s work-docket have met institutional resistance. The AIA has so far resisted substantial change to its code of ethics – \u00a0maintaining that a generalized \u201cstandard\u201d expressed in its Code is enough to cover the question of prison work (or \u201cJustice Architecture\u201d as it\u2019s known in the trade):<\/p>\n

Members should employ their professional knowledge and skill to design buildings and spaces that will enhance and facilitate human dignity and the health, safety, and welfare of the individual and the public.<\/em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

And there remains a body of opinion among prison-experienced architects that they can perfectly well continue their work, and meanwhile adhere to ethical principles that are perfectly supportable. They feel this in light of what they see as the practicalities of prison life, and a continuing need for solitary confinement of some kind, and for just some (hopefully, only short) periods of time.<\/p>\n

Jim Mueller<\/strong>, a retired architect who\u2019s made plans for federal, state, county and international places of incarceration, worries that if architects are barred from doing this work \u2013 prison conditions could worsen.<\/p>\n

In his interview with me for the PBS NewsHour<\/em> he said: \u201cPerhaps by doing it we can effect certain types of change within the criminal justice system \u2026 It\u2019s better that we do it than not do it, because I\u2019m worrisome about who would do it in the absence of architects doing it<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n

But an undaunted Sperry remains determined to carry his fight to next year\u2019s national convention of the AIA \u2013 and he feels a groundswell is rising in his and fellow-activists\u2019 favor:<\/p>\n

\u201cThe AIA has not come all the way around, but they\u2019ve started to come around. I think it just takes them a while to accept some difficult facts \u2026 Once they do that, they\u2019ll know what the right thing to do is<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n

David Tereshchuk<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0has reported on ethics and belief for PBS\u2019s Religion and Ethics NewsWeekly and The PBS NewsHour Weekend. He writes the international multimedia commentary <\/em><\/strong>TheMediaBeat.US<\/em><\/strong><\/a>\u00a0– which also appears at\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>Huffington Post<\/em><\/strong><\/a>.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By David Tereshchuk Imagine you\u2019re an architect. Your assignment? To design a prison. Heaven knows, you\u2019re needed. The boom in American prison-construction \u2013 an almost four-fold growth from 500 to nearly 2000 facilities since the 1970s \u2013 has become a … More →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":179,"featured_media":34952,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-34951","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","topics-chapter-verse"],"yoast_head":"\nEthics in Designing Prisons | September 21, 2018 | Religion & Ethics NewsWeekly | PBS<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ethics in Designing Prisons | September 21, 2018 | Religion & Ethics NewsWeekly | PBS\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/2018\/09\/21\/ethics-in-designing-prisons\/34951\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Religion & Ethics NewsWeekly\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/PBS.ReligionEthics\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2018-09-21T14:00:18+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2018-10-04T16:06:16+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/files\/2018\/09\/image001.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"598\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"449\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Jacqueline Medina\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@ReligionEthics\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@ReligionEthics\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Jacqueline Medina\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/2018\/09\/21\/ethics-in-designing-prisons\/34951\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/2018\/09\/21\/ethics-in-designing-prisons\/34951\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Jacqueline Medina\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/#\/schema\/person\/4ebce66e8d663393ebfb00cb531e8761\"},\"headline\":\"Ethics in Designing Prisons\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-09-21T14:00:18+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2018-10-04T16:06:16+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/2018\/09\/21\/ethics-in-designing-prisons\/34951\/\"},\"wordCount\":1227,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/2018\/09\/21\/ethics-in-designing-prisons\/34951\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/files\/2018\/09\/image001.png\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/2018\/09\/21\/ethics-in-designing-prisons\/34951\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/2018\/09\/21\/ethics-in-designing-prisons\/34951\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/2018\/09\/21\/ethics-in-designing-prisons\/34951\/\",\"name\":\"Ethics in Designing Prisons | September 21, 2018 | Religion & Ethics NewsWeekly | PBS\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/2018\/09\/21\/ethics-in-designing-prisons\/34951\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/2018\/09\/21\/ethics-in-designing-prisons\/34951\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/files\/2018\/09\/image001.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-09-21T14:00:18+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2018-10-04T16:06:16+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/#\/schema\/person\/4ebce66e8d663393ebfb00cb531e8761\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/2018\/09\/21\/ethics-in-designing-prisons\/34951\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/2018\/09\/21\/ethics-in-designing-prisons\/34951\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/files\/2018\/09\/image001.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/files\/2018\/09\/image001.png\",\"width\":598,\"height\":449},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/\",\"name\":\"Religion & Ethics NewsWeekly\",\"description\":\"An examination of religion's role and the ethical dimensions behind top news headlines.\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/search-results\/?q={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/#\/schema\/person\/4ebce66e8d663393ebfb00cb531e8761\",\"name\":\"Jacqueline Medina\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/author\/medinaj\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Ethics in Designing Prisons | September 21, 2018 | Religion & Ethics NewsWeekly | PBS","robots":{"index":"noindex","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Ethics in Designing Prisons | September 21, 2018 | Religion & Ethics NewsWeekly | PBS","og_url":"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/2018\/09\/21\/ethics-in-designing-prisons\/34951\/","og_site_name":"Religion & Ethics NewsWeekly","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/PBS.ReligionEthics\/","article_published_time":"2018-09-21T14:00:18+00:00","article_modified_time":"2018-10-04T16:06:16+00:00","og_image":[{"width":598,"height":449,"url":"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/files\/2018\/09\/image001.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"Jacqueline Medina","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@ReligionEthics","twitter_site":"@ReligionEthics","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Jacqueline Medina","Est. reading time":"6 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/2018\/09\/21\/ethics-in-designing-prisons\/34951\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/2018\/09\/21\/ethics-in-designing-prisons\/34951\/"},"author":{"name":"Jacqueline Medina","@id":"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/#\/schema\/person\/4ebce66e8d663393ebfb00cb531e8761"},"headline":"Ethics in Designing Prisons","datePublished":"2018-09-21T14:00:18+00:00","dateModified":"2018-10-04T16:06:16+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/2018\/09\/21\/ethics-in-designing-prisons\/34951\/"},"wordCount":1227,"commentCount":0,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/2018\/09\/21\/ethics-in-designing-prisons\/34951\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/files\/2018\/09\/image001.png","inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/2018\/09\/21\/ethics-in-designing-prisons\/34951\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/2018\/09\/21\/ethics-in-designing-prisons\/34951\/","url":"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/2018\/09\/21\/ethics-in-designing-prisons\/34951\/","name":"Ethics in Designing Prisons | September 21, 2018 | Religion & Ethics NewsWeekly | PBS","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/2018\/09\/21\/ethics-in-designing-prisons\/34951\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/2018\/09\/21\/ethics-in-designing-prisons\/34951\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/files\/2018\/09\/image001.png","datePublished":"2018-09-21T14:00:18+00:00","dateModified":"2018-10-04T16:06:16+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/#\/schema\/person\/4ebce66e8d663393ebfb00cb531e8761"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/2018\/09\/21\/ethics-in-designing-prisons\/34951\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/2018\/09\/21\/ethics-in-designing-prisons\/34951\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/files\/2018\/09\/image001.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/files\/2018\/09\/image001.png","width":598,"height":449},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/#website","url":"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/","name":"Religion & Ethics NewsWeekly","description":"An examination of religion's role and the ethical dimensions behind top news headlines.","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/search-results\/?q={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/#\/schema\/person\/4ebce66e8d663393ebfb00cb531e8761","name":"Jacqueline Medina","url":"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/author\/medinaj\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34951","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/179"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=34951"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34951\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":34966,"href":"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34951\/revisions\/34966"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/34952"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=34951"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=34951"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=34951"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}