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BOB ABERNETHY<\/strong>, host: In Libya, fighting continued between Gaddafi loyalists and the rebels despite the international military intervention, and amid the violence new concerns are now being raised about a potential humanitarian crisis in cities occupied by the rebels. Some aid groups say residents are without power, adequate food, and water. In Rome, Pope Benedict XVI urged political and military leaders to consider the safety of civilians. In the US, vigorous debate has broken out over this country’s role in the intervention and the ultimate goal of the mission.<\/p>\n Last week on this program, we examined the moral questions involved in intervening in Libya. A week after the intervention began, many questions remain, and we explore them with William Galston, a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution in Washington. Bill, many thanks for coming to talk to us.<\/p>\n WILLIAM GALSTON<\/strong> (Senior Fellow, Brookings Institution): Good to be here.<\/p>\n ABERNETHY<\/strong>: You have described a theory that you call \u201cpreventive humanitarian intervention.\u201d Would you describe what that is.<\/p>\n ABERNETHY<\/strong>: You\u2019ve also spoken of our two objectives. Spell those out.<\/p>\n GALSTON<\/strong>: We have a humanitarian objective and political objective. The humanitarian objective is to protect innocent civilian life. The political objective, which President Obama articulated some weeks ago, is to secure the exit of Colonel Gaddafi from power. The UN and the international coalition and US military power are being deployed in pursuit of the first humanitarian objective, and we intend to use other means\u2014diplomatic, political, and especially financial\u2014to, as the president has put it, tighten the noose around Gaddafi and make his position untenable. But that will take some time.<\/p>\n ABERNETHY<\/strong>: Yeah, and in the meantime, in the cities, here are Gaddafi\u2019s forces intermingled with civilians. How can air power be used against Gaddafi\u2019s forces in those places without killing a lot of civilians?<\/p>\n ABERNETHY<\/strong>: A lot of people thinking about this thing and talking about it use, just between themselves, the word \u201cassassination.\u201d Is it ever morally permissible to assassinate a head of state?<\/p>\n GALSTON<\/strong>: Sometimes, and international law has defined the line between the circumstances in which it is and the circumstances in which it isn\u2019t. If a political leader is also in the military chain of command, is directly operational in that capacity, then it is legitimate to act against him or her directly. Colonel Gaddafi has never left the Libyan armed forces to the best of my knowledge, and certainly he is in direct personal control of the military forces that his sons are the commanders of. So from a legal standpoint there is no objection that I can see. From a political standpoint, there are many complications.<\/p>\n ABERNETHY<\/strong>: Another idea\u2014a lot of people will look at what\u2019s happening in Libya, what we\u2019re doing in Libya, and say, \u201cSo what does that mean for other places in the world where people are suffering because of the misdeeds of their rulers?\u201d Do we now have a greater obligation than we did before to go and intervene someplace else?<\/p>\n ABERNETHY<\/strong>: John Boehner, the speaker of the House, wrote a letter to President Obama asking the question whether it is an acceptable outcome for Gaddafi to remain in power after the military effort ends. How would you answer that?<\/p>\n GALSTON<\/strong>: It\u2019s a very undesirable outcome. Whether it\u2019s an acceptable outcome depends on what the alternative is. Suppose it was the case that the only way to get rid of Gaddafi would be to deploy American ground forces. Under those circumstances, I think the president has made the judgment, with which I agree, that given the fact that we\u2019re already involved in two other countries, Afghanistan and Iraq, it would be extremely unwise and perhaps even impossible to deploy US ground forces in a third country. So we might have to live with Muammar Gaddafi as the \u201cKing of Tripoli\u201d and protect what I think of as \u201cBenghazistan\u201d against him.<\/p>\n ABERNETHY<\/strong>: Very quickly, in just a couple of words, is this going to end with negotiations?<\/p>\n GALSTON<\/strong>: Who knows? But I think that would be a very difficult negotiation, because I don\u2019t think Colonel Gaddafi has any intention of leaving power voluntarily or leaving his country.<\/p>\n ABERNETHY<\/strong>: William Galston of the Brookings Institution, many thanks.<\/p>\n GALSTON<\/strong>: My pleasure.<\/p>\n![\"post02-libyaquestions\"](\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/files\/2011\/03\/post02-libyaquestions.jpg\")
GALSTON<\/strong>: Sure, it\u2019s not that complicated. In the 1990s, there were two episodes of genocidal ethnic cleansing: one in the Balkans, the other in Rwanda. In both cases, the international community waited too long to intervene, and the result was a disaster. Many people in the White House remember that. Some of them were there in policy-making decisions. They were determined not to repeat it. When the Libyan forces were on the edge of Benghazi and Colonel Gaddafi issued a bloodcurdling threat to hunt down the dissidents alley by alley, the administration thought that it had no choice but to act to prevent an impending blood bath, and I think they were right.<\/p>\n![\"post01-libyaquestions\"](\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/files\/2011\/03\/post01-libyaquestions.jpg\")
GALSTON<\/strong>: You can\u2019t, but that doesn\u2019t mean that air power is useless in those circumstances, because Gaddafi\u2019s forces have supply lines outside the cities. If those supply lines and lines of reinforcement are interdicted through air power, which they can over time, it will be possible to cut off Gaddafi\u2019s forces in those cities.<\/p>\n![\"post03-libyaquestions\"](\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/religionandethics\/files\/2011\/03\/post03-libyaquestions.jpg\")
GALSTON<\/strong>: We don\u2019t have a greater obligation than we did before, but it\u2019s important to note that we don\u2019t have an obligation to be everywhere for the very simple reason that we don\u2019t have the capacity to be everywhere. An example that I sometimes use is a lifeguard walking along the edge of a beach hears someone crying out from offshore. Is there an obligation to assist every drowning person? No. But there is certainly an obligation on the lifeguard\u2019s part to assist that one if he or she can.<\/p>\n