| Map View 3: Iraqi Attacks on Kurds |
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| Campaign 1 ; Date 02-03/88 |
Deaths: 32 + |
| Campaign 2; Date 03/88 |
Deaths: 87 + |
| Campaign 3; Date 04/88 |
Deaths: 15 – 25 |
| Campaign 4; Date 04/88 |
Deaths: 163 -309 |
| Campaign 5, 6, 7; Date 05-08/88 |
Deaths: 52 + |
| Campaign 8; Date 04/88 |
Deaths: 51 + |
| Halabja; Date 03/88 |
Deaths: 3,200 – 5,000 |
| Map View 4: Legacy of the Anfal |
|
| Disease: Infant Mortality | x4 |
| Disease: Leukemia | x3 – x4 |
| Disease: Lymphoma | x3 – x4 |
| Disease: Cleft Palate | x3 |
| Disease: Spina Bifida | x3 |
| Disease: Heart Defect | x3 |
| Disease: Down’s Syndrome | x3 |
| Disease: Miscarriage | x3 |
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- Map View 3- The "Anfal" Campaigns
Hoping for independence, some Iraqi Kurds fought for Iran in the 1970s and during the Iran-Iraq war. To deter border insurgency, Saddam Hussein in 1987 and 1988 exterminated up to 100,000 Kurds in the Anfal campaigns. ("Anfal" is a Koranic reference meaning "spoils of war.") Some 5,000 people died in the "experimental" chemical attacks accompanying the Anfal.
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- Map View 4- Legacy of the Anfal
Up to 10 percent of Iraq's nearly four million Kurds were exposed to chemical and perhaps biological toxins in 1988. Fourteen years later, clear signs of long-term health effects are emerging. Later this year British geneticist Christine Gosden hopes to publish a scientific study suggesting the ultimate toll that Iraq's Kurds have paid. Below is Gosden's informal comparison of illness rates for Halabja-- the town hardest hit during the Anfal-- with those of an unaffected city.
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- Kurdistan
Unlike neighboring Arabs, Persians and Turks, the Kurds failed to secure a modern state. Nevertheless, Kurdistan exists as a distinct nation that governments in Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria alike regard warily as a fifth column that blurs already hard-to-defend mountain borders.
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- The Kurdish Region
Between 25 and 30 million Kurds live amid one of the world's most sensitive border regions. Here, NATO-member Turkey meets Syria, as well as Iran and Iraq, whose 1980-1988 war cost up to one million lives.
