{"id":1881,"date":"2002-07-11T19:06:04","date_gmt":"2002-07-11T23:06:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/wideangle\/?p=1881"},"modified":"2008-07-29T18:33:04","modified_gmt":"2008-07-29T22:33:04","slug":"saddams-ultimate-solution-map-the-kurdish-problem-and-saddams-ultimate-solution","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/wideangle\/interactives-extras\/maps\/saddams-ultimate-solution-map-the-kurdish-problem-and-saddams-ultimate-solution\/1881\/","title":{"rendered":"Map: The Kurdish &#8220;Problem&#8221; and Saddam&#8217;s Ultimate Solution"},"content":{"rendered":"<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"3\" width=\"100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" bgcolor=\"#cccccc\"><strong>Map View 3: Iraqi Attacks on Kurds<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>Campaign 1 ;  Date 02-03\/88<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Deaths: 32 +<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>Campaign 2;  Date 03\/88<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Deaths: 87 +<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>Campaign 3;  Date 04\/88<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Deaths: 15 &#8211; 25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>Campaign 4;  Date 04\/88<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Deaths: 163 -309<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>Campaign 5, 6, 7;  Date 05-08\/88<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Deaths: 52 +<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>Campaign 8;  Date 04\/88<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Deaths: 51 +<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>Halabja;  Date 03\/88<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Deaths: 3,200 &#8211; 5,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" bgcolor=\"#cccccc\"><strong>Map View 4: Legacy of the Anfal<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>Disease: Infant Mortality<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>x4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>Disease: Leukemia<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>x3 &#8211; x4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>Disease: Lymphoma<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>x3 &#8211; x4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>Disease: Cleft Palate<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>x3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>Disease: Spina Bifida<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>x3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>Disease: Heart Defect<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>x3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>Disease: Down&#8217;s Syndrome<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>x3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>Disease: Miscarriage<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>x3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\r\n\t\t<style type='text\/css'>\r\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 {\r\n\t\t\t\tmargin: auto;\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-item {\r\n\t\t\t\tfloat: left;\r\n\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 10px;\r\n\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\r\n\t\t\t\twidth: 33%;\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 img {\r\n\t\t\t\tborder: 2px solid #cfcfcf;\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-caption {\r\n\t\t\t\tmargin-left: 0;\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t<\/style>\r\n\t\t<!-- see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes\/media.php -->\n\t\t<div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-1881 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-thumbnail gallery1'><script type=\"text\/javascript\">\r\n\/\/ <![CDATA[\r\n\tjQuery(document).ready(function () {\r\n\t\tjQuery(\".gallery1 a\").attr(\"rel\",\"gallery1\");\t\r\n\t\tjQuery('a[rel=\"gallery1\"]').colorbox({maxWidth:\"95%\", maxHeight:\"95%\",title: function(){ return jQuery(this).children().attr(\"alt\"); }, });\r\n\t});\r\n\/\/ ]]>\r\n<\/script>\n<dl class=\"gallery-item\">\n<dt class=\"gallery-icon\">\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/wideangle\/files\/\/home\/wnetwp\/webroot\/wnet\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/2\/files\/2008\/07\/goodsaddam03.jpg\" title=\"Map View 3- The &quot;Anfal&quot; Campaigns\" rel=\"gallery1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/wideangle\/files\/\/home\/wnetwp\/webroot\/wnet\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/2\/files\/2008\/07\/goodsaddam03.jpg\" width=\"150\" height=\"94\" alt=\"Map View 3- The &quot;Anfal&quot; Campaigns\" \/><\/a>\r\n<\/dt><dd class=\"gallery-caption\" id=\"caption1892\"><span class=\"imagecaption\">Map View 3- The \"Anfal\" Campaigns<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"imagedescription\">Hoping for independence, some Iraqi Kurds fought for Iran in the 1970s and during the Iran-Iraq war. To deter border insurgency, Saddam Hussein in 1987 and 1988 exterminated up to 100,000 Kurds in the Anfal campaigns.  (\"Anfal\" is a Koranic reference meaning \"spoils of war.\") Some 5,000 people died in the \"experimental\" chemical attacks accompanying the Anfal.<\/span><br \/>\n<\/dd><\/dl><dl class=\"gallery-item\">\n<dt class=\"gallery-icon\">\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/wideangle\/files\/\/home\/wnetwp\/webroot\/wnet\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/2\/files\/2008\/07\/goodforweb4.jpg\" title=\"Map View 4- Legacy of the Anfal\" rel=\"gallery1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/wideangle\/files\/\/home\/wnetwp\/webroot\/wnet\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/2\/files\/2008\/07\/goodforweb4.jpg\" width=\"150\" height=\"94\" alt=\"Map View 4- Legacy of the Anfal\" \/><\/a>\r\n<\/dt><dd class=\"gallery-caption\" id=\"caption1893\"><span class=\"imagecaption\">Map View 4- Legacy of the Anfal<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"imagedescription\">Up to 10 percent of Iraq's nearly four million Kurds were exposed to chemical and perhaps biological toxins in 1988.  Fourteen years later, clear signs of long-term health effects are emerging.  Later this year British geneticist Christine Gosden hopes to publish a scientific study suggesting the ultimate toll that Iraq's Kurds have paid.  Below is Gosden's informal comparison of illness rates for Halabja-- the town hardest hit during the Anfal-- with those of an unaffected city.<\/span><br \/>\n<\/dd><\/dl><dl class=\"gallery-item\">\n<dt class=\"gallery-icon\">\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/wideangle\/files\/\/home\/wnetwp\/webroot\/wnet\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/2\/files\/2008\/07\/saddamgoodfinal01.jpg\" title=\"Kurdistan\" rel=\"gallery1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/wideangle\/files\/\/home\/wnetwp\/webroot\/wnet\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/2\/files\/2008\/07\/saddamgoodfinal01.jpg\" width=\"150\" height=\"94\" alt=\"Kurdistan\" \/><\/a>\r\n<\/dt><dd class=\"gallery-caption\" id=\"caption1897\"><span class=\"imagecaption\">Kurdistan<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"imagedescription\">Unlike neighboring Arabs, Persians and Turks, the Kurds failed to secure a modern state.  Nevertheless, Kurdistan exists as a distinct nation that governments in Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria alike regard warily as a fifth column that blurs already hard-to-defend mountain borders.<\/span><br \/>\n<\/dd><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/><dl class=\"gallery-item\">\n<dt class=\"gallery-icon\">\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/wideangle\/files\/\/home\/wnetwp\/webroot\/wnet\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/2\/files\/2008\/07\/saddamgoodfinal011.jpg\" title=\"The Kurdish Region\" rel=\"gallery1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/wideangle\/files\/\/home\/wnetwp\/webroot\/wnet\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/2\/files\/2008\/07\/saddamgoodfinal011.jpg\" width=\"150\" height=\"94\" alt=\"The Kurdish Region\" \/><\/a>\r\n<\/dt><dd class=\"gallery-caption\" id=\"caption1899\"><span class=\"imagecaption\">The Kurdish Region<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"imagedescription\">Between 25 and 30 million Kurds live amid one of the world's most sensitive border regions.  Here, NATO-member Turkey meets Syria, as well as Iran and Iraq, whose 1980-1988 war cost up to one million lives. <\/span><br \/>\n<\/dd><\/dl><dl class=\"gallery-item\">\n<dt class=\"gallery-icon\">\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/wideangle\/files\/\/home\/wnetwp\/webroot\/wnet\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/2\/files\/2008\/07\/thumb_good_map.jpg\" title=\"\" rel=\"gallery1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/wideangle\/files\/\/home\/wnetwp\/webroot\/wnet\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/2\/files\/2008\/07\/thumb_good_map.jpg\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a>\r\n<\/dt><\/dl>\r\n\t\t\t<br style='clear: both' \/>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Plot Saddam&#8217;s response to the Kurdish &#8220;problem&#8221; in our Interactive Map.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[32],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1881","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-maps"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Saddam&#039;s Ultimate Solution ~ Map: The Kurdish &quot;Problem&quot; and Saddam&#039;s Ultimate Solution | Wide Angle | PBS<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Saddam&#039;s Ultimate Solution ~ Map: The Kurdish &quot;Problem&quot; and Saddam&#039;s Ultimate Solution | Wide Angle | PBS\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Plot Saddam&#039;s response to the Kurdish &quot;problem&quot; in our Interactive Map.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/wideangle\/interactives-extras\/maps\/saddams-ultimate-solution-map-the-kurdish-problem-and-saddams-ultimate-solution\/1881\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Wide Angle\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2002-07-11T23:06:04+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2008-07-29T22:33:04+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/wideangle\/files\/\/home\/wnetwp\/webroot\/wnet\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/2\/files\/2008\/07\/goodsaddam03.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/wideangle\/interactives-extras\/maps\/saddams-ultimate-solution-map-the-kurdish-problem-and-saddams-ultimate-solution\/1881\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/pbs-wnet-preprod.digi-producers.pbs.org\/wnet\/wideangle\/interactives-extras\/maps\/saddams-ultimate-solution-map-the-kurdish-problem-and-saddams-ultimate-solution\/1881\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"\",\"@id\":\"\"},\"headline\":\"Map: The Kurdish &#8220;Problem&#8221; 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