Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Ursidae
Genus: Ursus
Species: americanus
There are 16 subspecies of black bears:
– Ursus americanus altifrontalis (U.S. Pacific Northwest)
– U. a. amblyceps (Southwestern U.S.)
– U. a. americanus (widespread from Alaska to the Atlantic)
– U. a. californiensis (interior California)
– U. a. carlottae (Queen Charlotte islands of British Columbia)
– U. a. cinnamomum (the cinnamon bear; WY, eastern CO, ID, western MT, southwestern Alberta, southeastern BC)
– U. a. emmonsii (the glacier bear; Alaska coast from Glacier Bay to Prince William Sound and adjacent inland area)
– U. a. eremicus (northeastern Mexico, Big Bend area of Texas)
– U. a. floridanus (FL, southern GA, southern AL)
– U. a. hamiltoni (Newfoundland),
– U. a. kermodei (the Kermode bear; coastal BC from Prince Rupert to Princess Royale Island, and adjacent inland BC)
– U. a. luteolus (southern LA, and southern MS)
– U. a. machetes (northwestern Mexico)
– U. a. perniger (Kenai Peninsula of AK)
– U. a. pugnax (southeastern Alaska)
– U. a. vancouveri (Vancouver Island)
Size and Weight: Black bears are the smallest of the three bear species found in North America. Black bears can range from 50 to 80 in (127 to 203 cm), from nose to tail. On all fours, they have a height of about 2-3 feet. Like brown bears, black bears exhibit sexual dimorphism with males being larger than the females. Male black bears tend to be anywhere from 20 to 60% larger than female black bears.
Males generally weigh between 125 to 500 lbs (56 kg to 227 kg), while females weigh in at about 90 to 300 lbs (40 to 136 kg). The heaviest bear on record was found in North Carolina in 1998, weighing in at 880 lbs (400 kg).
Fur: While many black bears do have black fur, coats can be brown, blonde, cinnamon, and in rare cases, even white. Black bears with white fur are known as Kermode bears and are found only in and around the coastal areas of Canada.
Diet: Black bears are omnivores. Their diet primarily consists of berries, grasses, nuts, and insect larvae, and they relish honey when they find it. They will also occasionally eat small mammals and fish when available.
All bears are very intelligent and resourceful. Black bears are especially opportunistic when it comes to feeding, and those that live near urban areas will raid trashcans or bird feeders for food. Feeding bears is always a bad idea, as bears that become habituated to human food can become dangerous.
To prepare for hibernation, bears need to gain a sufficient amount of weight. Gaining enough weight is particularly critical for pregnant females in order to guarantee successful reproduction and the health of her cubs. Malnourished females often have failed pregnancies or newborns that do not survive due to a lack of milk.
Habitat: Black bears live in forests that contain a wide variety of fruits and berries, as well as in marshes and wetlands. Females prefer areas with trees for her cubs to climb while she searches for food. Black bears are highly adaptable and so are also successful in and around urban areas, where they are increasingly seen in residential neighborhoods where human and bear habitats overlap.
Geography: Black bears are found exclusively in North America and, thanks to their adaptability, are one of the most widely distributed large mammals on the continent. Estimates of their numbers in North America range as high as 900,000. Historically, black bears were found throughout the forests of Canada, Alaska, the Lower 48, and parts of Northern Mexico. Today they are still found in parts of Canada, as many as 40 states, and small pockets of Northern Mexico.
Life Span: Black bears can live up to 30 years or so in the wild, and longer in captivity.
Breeding: Black bears mate in the summer, from late May into July or August. During this time, females travel extensively around their territory, leaving a scent trail as they move, which males use to monitor the females’ receptiveness. Once paired, males and females have been known to stay together for up to nine days, after which they both move on in search of new mates. Fertilized eggs float in a female’s uterus for months before implanting in the uterine wall, usually in November, at which time fetal development progresses. The cubs are born in January or February during hibernation. Females wake for the birth and stay alert enough thereafter during the hibernation period to care for them in the den. Black bears have been known to have up to 6 cubs, but most females have only 2. Newborn cubs are blind, toothless, and weigh only a pound. They are born with blue eyes but within the year their eyes turn brown.
Hibernation: Black bears are not classified as true hibernators, but their temperature lowers, and their heart rate slows during winter months, when they retreat into dens. The length of time they spend in this state differs depending on food supply and geography.
Black bears den up in a variety of places. Many dig and form a burrow, which they fill up with leaves and other material for bedding. They also use rock crevices, hollows under an uprooted tree, or even in above-ground nests. Some that live in more urban settings have been known to hibernate in road culverts, storm sewers under streets, or even the crawl spaces under houses.
Social Organization: Black bears are usually solitary animals, except during mating season, and when females raise cubs. They also spend time in groups when there is an abundance of food in a specific location.
Females have home ranges of from 1-15 sq mi (3-40 sq km). Male ranges are much larger, from 15-80 sq mi (39-207 sq km), and typically overlap. Cubs can remain with their mother in her territory until the age of 2 or 3, but they are on their own once she mates again, usually in their second year.
Black bears are rarely aggressive and often shy away from confrontation, particularly with humans. Though they are the most common bear in North American, they are the least likely to kill. When they do, it is more often male bear than mothers with cubs.
Black bears don’t often make noise but they can communicate through a series of sounds including grunts, clacking teeth, clicking tongues, blowing sounds and moans. Tongue clicking is a common way for mother bears to communicate with their cubs.
Conservation Status: According to the estimates of 32 states in the US and 11 provinces in Canada, black bear populations are mostly stable. However, there are several subspecies of black bears listed as threatened in their respective states including the Florida black bear (Ursus americanus floridanus) and the Louisiana black bear (Ursus americanus luteonus).
Threats: Loss of habitat and increased fragmentation of bear territories due to human development, over-hunting, and accidents involving cars in more urban settings.
Additional Facts:
- Black bears can easily swim a mile or two and more in fresh water and can run up to 35 miles per hour.
- Black bears have short, non-retractable claws that enable them to easily climb trees. Cubs can climb trees when they are as young as 6 weeks old. Compared to brown bears, black bears have smaller, more tightly curved claws.
- Black bears have an excellent sense of smell, excellent hearing and good close range vision. They see in color.
- While brown bears have been known to attack humans, particularly when females feel their cubs are at risk, black bears rarely display aggression or attack humans.
- Black bears have been in North America for over 2.5 million years.
- Black bears feed primarily at dusk and dawn, though they are also active during the day.
- “Teddy bears” were invented and became popular as the result of a political cartoon published in 1902 which showed President Theodore Roosevelt (whose nickname was “Teddy”) refusing to shoot a black bear.
- Winnie the Pooh, a character created by author A.A. Milne, was a black bear with yellow fur.
- A black bear cub rescued from a forest fire was the inspiration for the National Forest Service’s mascot, “Smokey the Bear.”
