Monarch Butterfly (Danaus plexippu): Danaus plexippus in Greek means “sleepy transformation.” The name evokes the species’ ability to hibernate and metamorphize.
Kingdom: | Animalia
Phylum: | Arthropoda
Class: | Insecta
Order: | Lepidoptera
Genus: | Danaus
Species: | plexippu
Monarch butterflies are one of the most recognizable species of butterflies in North America. They are widely known for their incredible migratory pattern. They travel between 1,200 and 2,800 miles or more to their overwintering spots in Mexico and Southern California from the northern United States and Canada. Once there, the butterflies hibernate in the mountain forests, where a less extreme climate provides them a better chance to survive.
Size and Weight:
A monarch butterfly typically weighs less than half a gram. Its wingspan is about 4 inches. The male butterflies are typically larger than the females.
Appearance:
Monarch butterflies are well-known for their appearance. Adult monarch butterflies possess two pairs of brilliant orange-red wings, featuring black veins and white spots along the edges. The males possess distinguishing black dots along the veins of their wings. Their orange color alerts predators to stay away.
As caterpillars, Monarchs are striped with yellow, black and white bands. Monarch caterpillars have a set of antennae-like tentacles at each end of their body. They reach about two inches in length before metamorphosis. The monarch chrysalis, where the caterpillar undergoes metamorphosis into the winged adult butterfly, is seafoam green with tiny yellow spots along its edge.
Diet:
As caterpillars, Monarchs feed on the leaves of milkweed. Milkweed produces glycoside toxins to deter animals from eating them. As they feed, monarch caterpillars store up the toxins in their body, making them taste bad. This will in turn deter their predators from eating them. The toxins remain in their system even after metamorphosis, protecting them as adult butterflies as well.
As adults, monarchs feed on nectar from a wide range of blooming native plants, including milkweed.
Habitat:
Monarch butterflies live in forests and mountains.
Geography:
Monarch butterflies can be found in North America. They are broken into two populations separated by the Rocky Mountains, called the eastern and the western populations.
Monarchs are one of few migratory insects. In the summer, they range as far north as southern Canada. In the fall, the eastern population migrates to the cool, high mountains of central Mexico and the western population migrates to coastal California, where they spend the winter.
Breeding:
Monarch butterflies communicate with scents and colors. To mate, the males attract females by releasing chemicals from scent glands on their hind wings.
During the spring and summer, an adult monarch spends its several week lifespan mating and searching for food. Adult females lay eggs singly on milkweed.
Life Cycle:
Monarchs lay their eggs on milkweed. After three to five days, the egg will hatch. These eggs hatch into monarch caterpillars, which feed exclusively on milkweed. The caterpillars grow and molt several times over roughly a two-week period. After this period, they will form a chrysalis in which they undergo metamorphosis. After another two weeks within the chrysalis, they will emerge as adult butterflies.
Most adult monarchs only live for a few weeks, searching for food in the form of flower nectar, for mates, and for milkweed on which to lay their eggs. However, the last generation, which occurs in late summer, delays sexual maturity and undertakes a fall migration.
Annual Life Cycle:
The annual monarch life cycle and migration begins at the monarchs’ overwintering grounds in Mexico and California. In March, the overwintering monarchs begin their journey north. Once the northern migration begins, monarchs become sexually mature and mate. After mating and egg-laying, the adult butterflies die and the northward migration is continued by their offspring.
It takes three to five generations to repopulate the rest of the United States and southern Canada until the final generation of the year hatches and does the return journey to the overwintering grounds.
Lifespan:
Each adult butterfly lives only about four to five weeks. However, the migratory generation can live upward of eight months.
Threats:
Climate change and habitat loss are among the largest threats to monarch butterflies. According to the World Wildlife Foundation (WWF), climate change threatens to disrupt the monarch butterfly’s annual migration pattern by affecting weather conditions in both wintering grounds and summer breeding grounds. Colder, wetter winters could be lethal to these creatures and hotter, drier summers could shift suitable habitats north.
Habitat loss is another major threat to the species. Monarchs need mountain forests in Mexico for their winter habitat. However, nearby human communities also rely on these forests for agriculture and tourism activities. In the United States, monarchs need places to reproduce and feed, relying heavily on the plant milkweed. However, herbicide use is decreasing the availability of their primary food source, milkweed.
Conservation Status:
As of 2013, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) listed monarch butterflies of least concern. However, according to the National Wildlife Federation (NWF), the monarch population has declined by approximately 90% since the 1990s.
WWF assesses the population of monarch butterflies that winter in Mexico based on the amount of land that monarchs occupy. Their latest survey indicates a population decrease of 53% since the previous season. In the 2019-2020 wintering season, the area of forest occupied by monarch butterflies was 7 acres, down from 15 acres in the 2018 – 2019 season.
Conservation Efforts:
WWF works to preserve vital butterfly habitat in Mexico’s Monarch Butterfly Reserve by promoting good forest management and sustainable tourism. WWF also supports tree nurseries that help restore the forest in the Reserve which creates new sources of income for the local communities that live among the butterflies.
NWF recommends that the best way to help monarchs is by restoring their natural habitat by planting native milkweeds and nectar plants, eliminating pesticides, and encouraging others to adopt these practices.
How You Can Help:
Travel to see Monarchs: WWF, along with Natural Habitat Adventures, offers adventures to the Monarch Butterfly Reserve in Mexico.
Sign up for the Monarch Squad with WWF
Source: WWF, NWF, IUCN